NeXT#NeXTWORLD

In 1985, Apple co-founder and CEO Steve Jobs led a division campaign called SuperMicro, which was responsible for developing the Macintosh and Lisa computers. They were commercial successes on university campuses because Jobs had personally visited a few notable universities to promote his products, and because of Apple University Consortium, a discounted academic marketing program.{{rp|56,67,72}} The Consortium had earned over $50 million on computer sales by February 1984.{{Cite news|last=Morrison|first=Ann|date=February 20, 1984|title=Apple Bites Back|work=Fortune|url=http://fortune.com/1984/02/20/apple-bites-back-fortune-1984/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609050506/http://fortune.com/1984/02/20/apple-bites-back-fortune-1984/|archive-date=June 9, 2019}}

Jobs met Paul Berg, a Nobel Laureate in chemistry, at a luncheon in Silicon Valley held to honor President of France François Mitterrand.{{Cite book|last=Stross|first=Randall|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780689121357|title=Steve Jobs and the NeXT Big Thing|publisher=Athenium|year=1993|isbn=0-689-12135-0|page=|access-date=August 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628074925/https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780689121357|archive-date=June 28, 2019|url-status=live}}{{rp|72}}{{Cite news|last=Shannon|first=Victoria|title=Apple losing its polish in France| work=International Herald Tribune|page=11|date=May 22, 2006|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/05/21/business/lobbyside.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060602104905/http://iht.com/articles/2006/05/21/business/lobbyside.php|archive-date=June 2, 2006}} Berg was frustrated by the time and expense of researching recombinant DNA via wet laboratories, and suggested that Jobs should use his influence to create a "3M computer" that is designed for higher education.{{cite news|last1=Patton|first1=Phil|date=August 6, 1989|title=Steve Jobs: Out For Revenge|work=The New York Times Magazine|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/06/magazine/steve-jobs-out-for-revenge.html|url-status=live|access-date=July 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214133646/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/06/magazine/steve-jobs-out-for-revenge.html|archive-date=December 14, 2018}}{{cite news|last1=Lubenow|first1=Gerald C.|date=September 29, 1985|title=Jobs Talks About His Rise and Fall|work=Newsweek|url=https://www.newsweek.com/jobs-talks-about-his-rise-and-fall-207016|url-status=live|access-date=July 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728070045/https://www.newsweek.com/jobs-talks-about-his-rise-and-fall-207016|archive-date=July 28, 2021}}

Jobs was intrigued by Berg's concept of a workstation and contemplated starting a higher-education computer company in late 1985, amid increasing turmoil at Apple. Jobs's division did not release the upgraded versions of the Macintosh computer and much of the Macintosh Office software.{{Cite news|title=Apple's new Mac push; can Apple Computer succeed in wooing big companies with its Macintosh Office?|last=Fuerst|first=Irene|date=March 15, 1985|work=Datamation|page=42}} As a result, its sales plummeted,{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/westofedenendofi00rose_0/page/193|title=West of Eden|last=Rose|first=Frank|publisher=Viking|year=1990|isbn=0-670-81278-1|access-date=August 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103205807/https://archive.org/details/westofedenendofi00rose_0/page/193|archive-date=January 3, 2020|url-status=live}}{{rp|193}} and Apple was forced to write off millions of dollars in unsold inventory.{{rp|227}} In 1985, John Sculley ousted Jobs from his executive role at Apple and replaced him with Jean-Louis Gassée.{{rp|291}} Later that year, Jobs began a power struggle to regain control over his company. The board of directors sided with Sculley, and Jobs took a business trip to Western Europe and the Soviet Union on behalf of Apple.{{sfn|Young|Simon|2005|p=118}}

File:Steve Jobs and Macintosh computer, January 1984, by Bernard Gotfryd -cropped.jpg, here pictured in 1984, founded NeXT in 1985.]]

In September 1985, after several months of being sidelined, Jobs resigned from Apple.{{Cite magazine|last=Kahney|first=Leander|date=September 15, 2008|title=Sept. 16, 1985: Jobs Quits AppleSept. 16, 1997: Jobs Rejoins Apple|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2008/09/sept-16-1985-jobs-quits-applesept-16-1997-jobs-rejoins-apple/|url-status=live|access-date=December 14, 2021|archive-date=October 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011161047/https://www.wired.com/2008/09/sept-16-1985-jobs-quits-applesept-16-1997-jobs-rejoins-apple/}} He told the board he was leaving to set up a new computer company, and that he would be taking several Apple employees from the SuperMicro division with him, but he also promised that his new company would not compete with Apple and might even consider licensing their designs to them under the Macintosh brand.{{Cite news|title=Apple's Jobs Starts New Firm, Targets Education Market|last=Spector|first=G|date=September 24, 1985|work=PC Week|page=109}}

Several former Apple employees followed him to NeXT, including Joanna Hoffman, Bud Tribble, George Crow, Rich Page, Susan Barnes, Susan Kare, and Dan'l Lewin.{{Cite web |last=Gallagher |first=William |date=September 12, 2019 |title=Looking back at Steve Jobs's NeXT, Inc — the most successful failure ever |url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/18/09/12/looking-back-at-steve-jobss-next-inc----the-most-successful-failure-ever |access-date=July 12, 2022 |website=AppleInsider |language=en}} After consulting with major educational buyers from around the country, including a follow-up meeting with Paul Berg, a tentative specification for the workstation was drawn up. It was designed to be powerful enough to run wet lab simulations and affordable enough for dormitory rooms.{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/secondcomingofst00deut|url-access=registration|title=Second Coming of Steve Jobs|last=Deutschman|first=Alan|publisher=Broadway Books|year=2000|isbn=0-7679-0432-X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/secondcomingofst00deut/page/64 64]|access-date=August 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103205848/https://archive.org/details/secondcomingofst00deut|archive-date=January 3, 2020|url-status=live}} Before the specifications were finished, however, Apple sued NeXT on September 23, 1985, for "nefarious schemes" to take advantage of the cofounders' insider information.{{rp|75}}{{rp|44}} Jobs argued, "It is hard to think that a $2 billion company with 4,300-plus people couldn't compete with six people in blue jeans."{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|p=207}}{{rp|207}} The suit was eventually dismissed before trial.{{rp|75}}

In 1986, Jobs recruited graphic designer Paul Rand to create a brand identity for {{US$|100000|1986|long=no|round=-3}}. Jobs recalled, "I asked him if he would come up with a few options, and he said, 'No, I will solve your problem for you and you will pay me. You don't have to use the solution. If you want options go talk to other people.{{'"}}{{Cite book|last=Beahm|first=George W.|url=https://archive.org/details/stevejobslifebyd0000unse|title=Steve Jobs' life by design : lessons to be learned from his last lecture, the most popular graduation address in history|date=2014|isbn=978-1-137-27983-5|location=New York, NY|oclc=880884772|page=190|publisher=St. Martin's Press|author-link=George Beahm|access-date=February 22, 2022|url-access=registration}} Rand created a 20-page brochure detailing the brand, including the precise angle used for the logo (28°) and a new company name spelling, NeXT.{{Cite book|title=Paul Rand|last1=Heller|first1=Steven|last2=Helfand|first2=Jessica|last3=Lois|first3=George|publisher=Phaidon Press|year=2000|isbn=0-7148-3994-9|pages=256|url=https://archive.org/details/paulrand0000hell_c0d6/ |url-access=registration}}

File:First Web Server.jpg at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) to create the world's first web server and web browser/editor. |alt=A NeXT Computer workstation has a black monitor, system box, keyboard, and mouse.]]

{{quote box | width=25% | align=right | text=I want some kid at Stanford to be able to cure cancer in his dorm room. | author=Steve Jobs, on the purpose of the NeXT Computer{{Cite book |last=Menuez |first=Doug |date=June 3, 2014 |title=Fearless Genius: The Digital Revolution in Silicon Valley 1985-2000 |isbn=978-1476752693 |publisher=Atria Books |page=4 |oclc=852226582 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lat8AQAAQBAJ&q=cure+cancer&pg=PR20 |access-date=February 10, 2019 |url-status=live |archive-date=November 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124043946/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lat8AQAAQBAJ&q=cure+cancer&pg=PR20}}

}}

In mid-1986, NeXT changed its business plan to develop both hardware and software, rather than just workstations. Rich Page, a NeXT cofounder who formerly directed Apple's Lisa team, led a team to develop the hardware, while Mach kernel engineer Avie Tevanian led the development of NeXT's operating system, NeXTSTEP. NeXT's first factory was established in Fremont, California in 1987, capable of manufacturing about 150,000 machines per year.{{rp|72}} NeXT's first workstation is the NeXT Computer, nicknamed "the cube" due to its distinctive magnesium {{convert|1|ft|cm|adj=on|spell=in}} cubic case. The case was designed by Hartmut Esslinger and his team at Frog Design.{{Cite web|last=Brownlee|first=John|date=February 16, 2016|title=Remembering The Design Legacy Of Steve Jobs's Other Great Computer Company|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3056684/remembering-the-design-legacy-of-steve-jobss-other-great-computer-company|access-date=February 24, 2022|website=Fast Company|language=en-US|archive-date=January 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113001026/https://www.fastcompany.com/3056684/remembering-the-design-legacy-of-steve-jobss-other-great-computer-company|url-status=live}}{{Cite news

| last = Bonnera

| first = Paul

| title = The heart of a new machine (frogdesign for NeXT computer)

| work = PC/Computing Magazine

| page = 144

| date = February 1989}}

In 1987, Ross Perot became NeXT's first major outside investor. He invested $20 million for 16% of NeXT's stock after seeing a segment about NeXT on the 1986 PBS documentary Entrepreneurs. In 1988, he joined the company's board of directors.{{Cite web|last=McCracken|first=Harry|date=July 9, 2019|title=How Ross Perot befriended Steve Jobs and helped bring us the iPhone|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90374043/how-ross-perot-helped-bring-us-the-iphone|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201175217/https://www.fastcompany.com/90374043/how-ross-perot-helped-bring-us-the-iphone|archive-date=December 1, 2019|access-date=March 30, 2020|website=Fast Company|language=en-US}}{{sfn|Young|Simon|2005|p=134}}

NeXT and Adobe collaborated on Display PostScript (DPS), a 2D graphics engine that was released in 1987. NeXT engineers wrote an alternative windowing engine edition to take full advantage of NeXTSTEP. NeXT engineers used DPS for on-screen graphics such as title bar and scroller for the user-space windowing library.{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40543937|title=PostScript language reference|publisher=Addison-Wesley|others=Adobe Systems|year=1999|isbn=0-201-37922-8|edition=3rd|location=Reading, Mass.|oclc=40543937|access-date=January 4, 2022|archive-date=February 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224014050/https://www.worldcat.org/title/postscript-language-reference/oclc/40543937|url-status=live}}

The original design team anticipated completing the computer in early 1987 and launching it for {{US$|3000|1987|long=no|round=-2}} by mid-year.{{YouTube|title=Steve Jobs building NeXT|id=WHsHKzYOV2E}} On October 12, 1988, the NeXT Computer received standing ovations when it was revealed at a private gala event, "NeXT Introduction" in San Francisco, California. The following day, selected educators and software engineers were invited to attend the first public technical overview of the NeXT computer at the event "The NeXT Day" held at the San Francisco Hilton. The event gave developers interested in NeXT software an insight into their architecture, object-oriented programming, and the NeXT Computer. The luncheon speaker was Steve Jobs.{{Cite web|last=Schlender|first=Brenton R|date=October 13, 1988|title=Next Project: Apple Era Behind Him, Steve Jobs Tries Again, Using a New System|url=https://www.tech-insider.org/unix/research/1988/1013.html|url-status=live|access-date=December 23, 2021|website=|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|archive-date=February 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228131557/http://tech-insider.org/unix/research/1988/1013.html}}

The first NeXT Computers were test launched in 1989, and then NeXT sold a limited number to universities with NeXTSTEP 0.9 beta pre-installed.{{cite web | url=http://www.kevra.org/TheBestOfNext/Timeline/TImeline.html | title=NeXT Timeline }} Initially, this targeted the United States higher-education institutions only, with a base price of {{US$|6500|1989|long=no|round=-3}}.{{Cite magazine|last1=Thompson|first1=Tom|last2=Baran|first2=Nick|date=November 1988|title=The NeXT Computer|url=http://www.simson.net/ref/NeXT/byte_article.htm|magazine=Byte|volume=13|issue=12|pages=158–175|access-date=May 14, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405161616/http://www.simson.net/ref/NeXT/byte_article.htm|archive-date=April 5, 2008|url-status=live}} The computer was widely reviewed in magazines, primarily the hardware portion. When asked if he was upset that the computer's debut was delayed by several months, Jobs responded, "Late? This computer is five years ahead of its time!"{{Cite book|title=Macintosh Switcher's Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/macintoshswitche00stan|url-access=limited|last=Standefer|first=Robert|publisher=Wordware Publishing|year=2004|isbn=1-55622-045-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/macintoshswitche00stan/page/n49 33]|chapter=Evolution of Mac OS X}}

The NeXT Computer has the 25 MHz Motorola 68030 central processing unit (CPU). The Motorola 88000 RISC chip was originally considered, but it was not available in sufficient quantities.{{Cite news | last = Takahashi |first = Ken | title = Motorola making chips in Japan | work = Newsbytes | date = August 29, 1989}} The computer has between 8 and 64 MB of random-access memory (RAM), a 256 MB magneto-optical (MO) drive, a 40 MB (swap-only), 330 MB, or 660 MB hard disk drive, 10BASE2 Ethernet, NuBus, and a 17-inch MegaPixel grayscale display with 1120×832 pixels. In 1989, a typical new PC, Macintosh, or Amiga computer included a few megabytes of RAM, a 640×480 16-color or 320x240 4,096-color display, a 10- to 20-megabyte hard drive, and few networking capabilities.{{Cite news

| last = White

| first = David W.

| title = Dell System 325 (Hardware Review)

| work = The Local Area Network Magazine

| page = 132

| date = December 1989}}{{Cite news|title=Buyer's guide: benchmarks|last=Krasnoff|first=Barbara|date=December 1989|work=Personal Computing|page=170}} It is the first computer to ship with a general-purpose DSP chip (Motorola 56001) on the motherboard. This supports sophisticated music and sound processing, including the Music Kit software.{{Cite book|author=NeXT Computer, Inc.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irZQAAAAMAAJ|title=Sound, Music, and Signal Processing on a NeXT Computer: Concepts|date=1991|publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-201-58137-9|language=en|access-date=December 23, 2021|archive-date=December 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223213114/https://books.google.com/books?id=irZQAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|url-status=live}}

The magneto-optical (MO) drive manufactured by Canon Inc. is the primary mass storage device. This drive technology was relatively new to the market, and the NeXT is the first computer to use it.{{Cite news|title=Developers split over optical drive (NeXT Inc's 256Mbyte erasable magneto-optical drive)|last=Rawles|first=Richard|date=September 19, 1989|work=MacWEEK|page=3.n33}} MO drives were cheaper but much slower than hard drives, with an average seek time of 96 ms; Jobs negotiated Canon's initial price of $150 per blank MO disk so that they could sell at retail for only $50. The drive's design made it impossible to move files between computers without a network, because each NeXT Computer has only one MO drive and the disk can not be removed without shutting down the system. The drive's limited speed and capacity makes it insufficient as NeXTSTEP's primary medium.

In 1989, NeXT started a deal for former Compaq reseller Businessland to sell the NeXT Computer in international markets. Selling through a retailer was a major change from NeXT's original business model of only selling directly to students and educational institutions.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/25/business/company-news-businessland-deal-seen-for-next-inc.html|title=COMPANY NEWS; Businessland Deal Seen for Next Inc.|date=March 25, 1989|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 20, 2020|url-status=live|agency=Reuters|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701024345/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/25/business/company-news-businessland-deal-seen-for-next-inc.html|archive-date=July 1, 2017}} Businessland founder David Norman predicted that sales of the NeXT Computer would surpass sales of Compaq computers after 12 months.{{Cite news | author=Shaffer, Richard | title=NeXT means business now. | work=Personal Computing | date=July 1989 | publisher=General Reference Center Gold}}

That year, Canon invested {{US$|100 million|long=no}} in NeXT, for a 16.67% stake,{{Cite news | last=McCarthy | first=Vance | title=Steve Jobs just says no. | work=Fortune | date=July 17, 1993 | publisher=General Reference Center Gold}} making NeXT worth almost $600 million. This had the condition of installing NeXTSTEP on its own workstations, greatly expanding NeXTSTEP's market. After NeXT exited the hardware business, Canon produced a PC line called object.station—including models 31, 41, 50, and 52—specifically designed to run NeXTSTEP on Intel.{{Cite web|url=http://www.kevra.org/TheBestOfNext/ThirdPartyProducts/ThirdPartyHardware/NeXTSTEPonNonNeXTComputers/IntelHardwareForNeXTStep/Canon-object-station41/Canon-object-station41/Canon-object-station41.html|title=Canon object.station 41|last=Ford|first=Kevin|website=The Best of NeXT Computers|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114182612/http://www.kevra.org/TheBestOfNext/ThirdPartyProducts/ThirdPartyHardware/NeXTSTEPonNonNeXTComputers/IntelHardwareForNeXTStep/Canon-object-station41/Canon-object-station41/Canon-object-station41.html|archive-date=January 14, 2012|access-date=September 18, 2011}} Canon was NeXT's distributor in Japan.{{Cite news | last =Garfinkel | first =Simon L | title =Open Door Policy | publisher =NeXTWORLD | date =April 1994 | url =http://www.simson.net/ref/NeXT/nextworld/94.4/94.4.Apr.Japan1.html | access-date =May 11, 2008 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090208170326/http://www.simson.net/ref/NeXT/nextworld/94.4/94.4.Apr.Japan1.html | archive-date =February 8, 2009 | url-status =live }}

The NeXT Computer was released in 1990 for {{US$|9999|1990|long=no|round=-3}}. In June 1991, Perot resigned from the board of directors to concentrate on his company, Perot Systems, a Plano, Texas–based software system integrator.{{Cite news | title = NeXT may expand two-man board | work = PC Week | page = 125 | date = December 9, 1991}}

File:NEXT Cube-IMG 7151.jpg

File:NeXTcube motherboard.jpg of the NeXTcube (1990) has a Motorola 68040 at the lower edge. To the right are the interfaces, to the left the system bus. The enlarged view of the image has annotations for most of the components.|alt=The mainboard of the NeXTcube (1990) has the Motorola 68040 and other computer components.]]

In 1990, NeXT released a second generation of workstations, a revised NeXT Computer called NeXTcube and the NeXTstation. The NeXTstation's nickname is "the slab" for its low-rise box form-factor. Jobs ensured that NeXT staffers did not nickname the NeXTstation "pizza box" to avoid inadvertent comparison with competitor Sun workstations, which already had that nickname.

The machines were initially planned to use the 2.88 MB floppy drive, but its floppy disks were expensive and had failed to supplant the 1.44 MB floppy. NeXT used the CD-ROM drive instead, which eventually became the industry standard for storage. Color graphics were available on the NeXTstation Color and NeXTdimension graphics processor hardware for the NeXTcube. The new computers, with the new Motorola 68040 processor, were cheaper and faster than their predecessors.{{Cite web |title=Pyro 50 Mhz Accelerator Board |url=http://www.nextcomputers.org/NeXTfiles/Docs/Rare_NeXT_Hardware/pyro_installation.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=December 23, 2021 |website=NeXT |archive-date=March 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329064138/http://www.nextcomputers.org/NeXTfiles/Docs/Rare_NeXT_Hardware/pyro_installation.pdf }}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16A_AQAAIAAJ|title=Byte|date=1993|publisher=McGraw-Hill|language=en|page=35-36}}

In 1992, NeXT launched "Turbo" variants of the NeXTcube and NeXTstation, with a 33 MHz 68040 processor and the maximum RAM capacity increased to 128 MB. In 1992, NeXT sold 20,000 computers, counting upgraded motherboards on back order as system sales. This was a small number compared with competitors, but the company reported sales of $140 million for the year, which encouraged Canon to invest a further $30 million to keep the company afloat.{{sfn|Young|Simon|2005|p=200}}

{{quote box | width=25% | align=right | text=In its existence, Next has sold a total of 50,000 copies of Nextstep, says Jobs. It's not much of an installed base, so he predicts the company will ship 50,000 Nextstep packages in 1993. But Next needs to increase its volume three-fold in order to build enough momentum to forestall Microsoft and Taligent in the object-oriented software business. | source=UnixWorld, April 1993}}

In total, 50,000 NeXT machines were sold,{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2005/12/next-fans-give-up-the-ghost/|title=NeXT Fans Give Up the Ghost|last=Mortensen|first=Pete|date=December 21, 2005|work=Wired|access-date=March 3, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629034820/http://www.wired.com/gadgets/mac/commentary/cultofmac/2005/12/69888?currentPage=1|archive-date=June 29, 2011|issn=1059-1028}}{{Cite magazine | magazine=UnixWorld | publisher=McGraw-Hill | date=April 1993 | page=44 | title=Steve's Gone Soft }} including thousands to the then super-secret National Reconnaissance Office located in Chantilly, Virginia. NeXT's long-term plan was to migrate to one of the emerging high-performance Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) architectures, with the NeXT RISC Workstation (NRW). Initially, the NRW was to be based on the Motorola 88110 processor, but it was later redesigned around dual PowerPC 601s, due to a lack of confidence in Motorola's commitment to the 88000-series architecture in the time leading up to the AIM alliance's transition to PowerPC.{{Cite web|url=http://www.simson.net/ref/NeXT/nextworld/NextWorld_Extra/93.03.Mar.NWE/93.03.Mar.NWExtra21.html|title=Hardware was great while it lasted|last=Garfinkel|first=Simson L.|date=March 1993|website=NeXTWORLD|access-date=June 13, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614201019/http://www.simson.net/ref/NeXT/nextworld/NextWorld_Extra/93.03.Mar.NWE/93.03.Mar.NWExtra21.html|archive-date=June 14, 2008|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.simson.net/ref/NeXT/nextworld/NextWorld_Extra/93.03.Mar.NWE/93.03.Mar.NWExtra07.html|title=Canon to buy NeXT factory, design center|last=Lavin|first=Dan|date=March 1993|website=NeXTWORLD|url-status=live|access-date=June 13, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614200658/http://www.simson.net/ref/NeXT/nextworld/NextWorld_Extra/93.03.Mar.NWE/93.03.Mar.NWExtra07.html|archive-date=June 14, 2008}}

File:NeXTSTEP desktop.png operating system interface|alt=The NeXTSTEP operating system interface, running a series of commands]]

In late 1991, in preparation for NeXT's future withdrawal from the hardware industry, the company started porting the NeXTSTEP operating system to Intel 80486-based IBM PC compatible computers. In January 1992, it was demonstrated at NeXTWorld Expo. By mid-1993, the process was completed, and version 3.1 (NeXTSTEP 486) was released.{{Cite news | title=Next Computer Close To a Deal With Chrysler | date=September 8, 1992 | work=San Francisco Chronicle}}

NeXTSTEP 3.x was later ported to PA-RISC-{{Cite news | last =Sherman | first =Lee | title =First NeXT RISC Workstation | work =NeXTWORLD | year =2004 | url =http://www.simson.net/ref/NeXT/nextworld/94.4/94.4.Apr.PA-RISC1.html | access-date =April 14, 2008 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080613180500/http://www.simson.net/ref/NeXT/nextworld/94.4/94.4.Apr.PA-RISC1.html | archive-date =June 13, 2008 | url-status =live }}{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/NeXTWORLDVol.4No.4April1994/page/n19/mode/2up | title=First NeXT RISC Workstation | magazine=NeXTWORLD | last1=Sherman | first1=Lee | date=April 1994 | access-date=May 12, 2024 | pages=16–18 }} and SPARC-based platforms, for a total of four versions: NeXTSTEP/NeXT (for NeXT's own hardware), NeXTSTEP/Intel, NeXTSTEP/PA-RISC, and NeXTSTEP/SPARC. Although the latter three ports were not widely used, NeXTSTEP gained popularity at institutions such as First Chicago NBD, Swiss Bank Corporation, O'Connor and Company, due to its sophisticated

programming model.{{Cite news|title=NeXTSTEP: NeXT announces new release of NeXTSTEP & NeXTSTEP Developer. (NeXTSTEP 3.2 and NeXTSTEP Developer 3.2)|date=October 25, 1993|work=EDGE: Work-Group Computing Report|page=40}} The software was used by many U.S. government agencies, including the United States Naval Research Laboratory, the National Security Agency, the Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the National Reconnaissance Office.{{Cite news

| last = McCarthy

| first =Shawn P.

| title = Next's OS finally is maturing. (NextStep Unix operating system)

| work = Government Computer News

| page = 46

| date = March 6, 1995}} Some IBM PC clone vendors offered somewhat customized hardware solutions that were delivered running NeXTSTEP on Intel, such as the Elonex NextStation{{Cite news|title=Elonex NextStation|last=Beard|first=Mat|date=June 1994|work=Personal Computer World}} and the Canon object.station 41.{{Cite magazine | last=Bidmead | first=Chris | title=NeXT, please | magazine=Personal Computer World |date=February 1995 }}

In 1993, NeXT withdrew from the hardware industry, and the company was renamed to NeXT Software, Inc. Consequently, 230 of the 530 staff employees were laid off.{{Cite news|last=Fisher|first=Lawrence M|date=February 10, 1993|title=Next to Sell Hardware Side And Focus on Its Software|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/10/business/next-to-sell-hardware-side-and-focus-on-its-software.html|url-status=live|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=December 14, 2021|archive-date=December 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214041700/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/10/business/next-to-sell-hardware-side-and-focus-on-its-software.html}} NeXT negotiated to sell its hardware business, including the Fremont factory, to Canon, which later canceled the deal. Work on the PowerPC machines was stopped, along with all hardware production. Sun CEO Scott McNealy announced plans to invest $10 million in 1993 and use NeXT software in future Sun systems.{{Cite news | title=Sun invests in Next, which will license NextStep OS for Sparc. | work=InfoWorld | date=November 29, 1993 | publisher=General Reference Center Gold}} NeXT partnered with Sun to create a programming environment called OpenStep, which is NeXTSTEP's application layer decoupled for third party operating systems.{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/nextworld-1994|title=NeXTWORLD 1994|date=1994}} In 1994, Microsoft and NeXT collaborated on a port of OpenStep to Windows NT, which was never released.

In January 1994, a developers' conference was held in Washington, D.C. Attendees of the 1994 NeXT East Coast Developer Conference had the opportunity to purchase a software bundle including NEXTSTEP 3.2.{{cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/nextworld-1994 | magazine=NeXTWORLD | page=20 | title=NeXTWORLD 1994 | year=1994 }}

Stepstone, originally named Productivity Products International (PPI), was a software company founded in 1983 by Brad Cox and Tom Love, best known for releasing the original version of the Objective-C programming language. In April 1995, NeXT acquired the Objective-C trademark and rights from Stepstone.{{Cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Brad J. |last2=Naroff |first2=Steve |last3=Hsu |first3=Hansen |date=June 12, 2020 |title=The origins of Objective-C at PPI/Stepstone and its evolution at NeXT |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages |volume=4 |issue=HOPL |pages=82:1–82:74 |doi=10.1145/3386332|s2cid=218518131 |doi-access=free }} Stepstone concurrently licensed back from NeXT the right to continue selling its Objective-C based products. Apple Computer later acquired the rights to Objective-C along with NeXT.

After exiting the hardware business, NeXT focused on other operating systems. New OpenStep products were released, including OpenStep Enterprise for Windows NT. NeXT launched WebObjects, a platform for building large-scale dynamic web applications. It did not achieve wide popularity, partly because of the initial high price of {{US$|50000|1995|round=-2|long=no}}, but it did generate profit for the company. WebObjects is the first and most prominent early example of a web application server that enabled dynamic page generation based on user interactions instead of static web content.{{Cite web |work=MacObserver |url=http://www.macobserver.com/article/2006/03/28.14.shtml |title=Happy Birthday: WebObjects at 10 |access-date=June 13, 2008 |last=Stewart |first=Graham |year=2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620231311/http://www.macobserver.com/article/2006/03/28.14.shtml |archive-date=June 20, 2008 |url-status=live }} WebObjects was used by many large businesses including Dell, Disney, Deutsche Bank, the BBC,{{Cite magazine | date=June 16, 2005 | first=Johnny | last=Evans | title=Apple releases WebObjects as a free application | magazine=Macworld | url=http://www.macworld.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=11860 | access-date=April 14, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612210214/http://www.macworld.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=11860 | archive-date=June 12, 2008 | url-status=dead }} Ford, Nissan, and later Apple for the iTunes Store and online Apple Store.{{Cite web | date=June 2, 2003 | last=Dalrymple | first=Jim | title=Xserves power iTunes Music Store, 'America 24/7' | url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1024637/xserve.html | work=Macworld | access-date=October 18, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019003410/https://www.macworld.com/article/1024637/xserve.html | archive-date=October 19, 2017 | url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Bazoge |first1=Mickaël |title=Cette fois, c'est officiel : Apple a bel et bien abandonné WebObjects |url=https://www.macg.co/logiciels/2016/05/cette-fois-cest-officiel-apple-bel-et-bien-abandonne-webobjects-94043 |website=MacGeneration |access-date=June 5, 2023 |language=fr |date=May 5, 2016}}

{{quote box | width=25% | align=right | text=We went for one of our, you know, signature Steve Jobs walks around Palo Alto, and ... we happened to see someone who was in that meeting from the [Apple] management team who said, 'You guys won easily, no problem. You have nothing to worry about.' | source=Avie Tevanian, presenting NeXT versus Be to Apple{{Cite interview | title=Oral History of Avadis Tevanian, part 2 | publisher=Computer History Museum | interviewer=John Markoff | interviewer2=Hansen Hsu | interviewer3=David C. Brock | first=Avie | last=Tevanian | author-link=Avie Tevanian | date=April 17, 2017 | location=Mountain View, CA | url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2017/07/102740143-05-01-acc.pdf | access-date=February 10, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212190536/https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2017/07/102740143-05-01-acc.pdf | archive-date=February 12, 2019 | url-status=live }}

}}

On December 20, 1996, Apple Computer announced its intention to acquire NeXT.{{Cite press release|title=Apple Computer, Inc. Agrees to Acquire NeXT Software Inc.|url=http://product.info.apple.com/pr/press.releases/1997/q1/961220.pr.rel.next.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020208190346/http://product.info.apple.com/pr/press.releases/1997/q1/961220.pr.rel.next.html|archive-date=February 8, 2002|publisher=Apple Computer|date=December 20, 1996|access-date=June 13, 2008}} Apple paid $427 million in cash, shares, stock options, and debt.{{Rp|page=277}}{{cite web |author1=Apple Inc. |title=Apple Inc. audited annual financial report, form 10-K405 |url=https://d1lge852tjjqow.cloudfront.net/CIK-0000320193/19cdeb31-2f1d-4fcb-a4a5-cdef6954f12e.pdf |website=Apple |access-date=June 5, 2023 |page=49 |date=December 23, 1998}} Steve Jobs preferred to only receive cash, but Gil Amelio insisted he take 1.5 million Apple shares to give the deal credibility.{{Cite book |last1=Amelio |first1=Gil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMQhwQEACAAJ |title=On the Firing Line: My 500 Days at Apple |last2=Simon |first2=William L. |date=1998 |publisher=Capstone |isbn=978-1-900961-98-1 |language=en}} The main purpose of the acquisition was to use NeXTSTEP as a foundation to replace the dated classic Mac OS.{{Cite web|title=Steve Jobs Sold NeXT to Apple 20 Years Ago|url=https://fortune.com/2016/12/20/apple-next-anniversary/|access-date=February 24, 2022|website=Fortune|language=en|last=Reisinger|first=Don|date=December 20, 2016|archive-date=January 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123174345/https://fortune.com/2016/12/20/apple-next-anniversary/|url-status=live}} Steve Jobs also returned to Apple as a consultant.{{Cite news

| title = Apple May Press Jobs To Be Or Not To Be CEO

| work = Newsbytes

| date = March 24, 1998}}

The deal was finalized on February 7, 1997.{{Cite web |url=http://product.info.apple.com/pr/press.releases/1997/q2/970207.pr.rel.next.html |title=Apple Computer, Inc. Finalizes Acquisition of NeXT Software Inc. |access-date=January 4, 2007 |archive-date=January 17, 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990117075346/http://product.info.apple.com/pr/press.releases/1997/q2/970207.pr.rel.next.html |url-status=dead }}, Apple Inc., February 7, 1997. Retrieved June 25, 2006.{{Cite book |last=Linzmayer |first=Owen W. |title=Apple Confidential |year=1999 |edition=1st |pages=230–231 |language=en}} In 2000, Jobs took the CEO position as a permanent assignment,{{Cite web | date=January 6, 2000 | title=Jobs becomes permanent Apple CEO | website=ZDNET |first=Lisa M. |last=Bowman | url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/jobs-becomes-permanent-apple-ceo/ | access-date=July 26, 2023}} holding the position until his resignation on August 24, 2011, shortly before his death on October 5, 2011.{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/oct/06/steve-jobs-apple-cofounder-dies |work=The Guardian |location=UK |title=Steve Jobs, Apple co-founder, dies at 56 |date=October 6, 2011 |first=Dominic |last=Rushe | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130619055912/http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/oct/06/steve-jobs-apple-cofounder-dies | archive-date = June 19, 2013| url-status=live}}

Several NeXT executives replaced their Apple counterparts when Jobs restructured the company's board of directors. Over the next five years the NeXTSTEP operating system was ported to the PowerPC architecture of Macintosh. At the same time, an Intel port and OpenStep Enterprise toolkit for Windows were produced. That operating system was codenamed Rhapsody,{{Cite web | date=August 6, 1997 | title=What's NeXT? | work=MacObserver | first=Arlen | last=Britton | url=http://www.macobserver.com/columns/whatsnext/articles/080697.shtml | access-date=June 13, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527055757/http://www.macobserver.com/columns/whatsnext/articles/080697.shtml | archive-date=May 27, 2008 | url-status=live }} and the crossplatform toolkit is Yellow Box. For backward compatibility, Apple added the Blue Box to Rhapsody, running existing Mac applications in a self-contained cooperative multitasking environment.{{Cite news

| last = Thompson

| first = Tom

| title = Rhapsody with blue (Apple's next-generation operating system code-named Rhapsody)

| work = Byte

| page = 26

| date = April 1997}}

A server version of Rhapsody was released as Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999, and the first consumer version, Mac OS X 10.0, in 2001. The OpenStep developer toolkit was renamed Cocoa. Blue Box was renamed Classic Environment and changed to run applications full-screen without requiring a separate window. Apple included an updated version of the original Macintosh toolbox, called Carbon, running existing Mac applications natively without the constraints of Blue Box.{{Cite news

| last = Sellers

| first = Dennis

| title = OS X III: finally, a first-class OS

| work = Computer User

| page = 66

| date = November 2000}}{{Cite news

| title = Mac OS X Takes Macintosh to New Level

| work = eWeek

| date = July 15, 2002}} Some of NeXTSTEP's interface features are used in Mac OS X, including the Dock, the Services menu, the Finder's "Column" view, and the Cocoa text system.

NeXTSTEP's processor-independent capabilities were retained in Mac OS X, leading to PowerPC, x86, and ARM versions. Only PowerPC versions were publicly available before 2006 and were discontinued by 2009, and ARM versions were not released until 2020. Apple transitioned its Mac computers to Intel processors by August 2006, and to ARM processors as of September 2022.{{Cite press release |title=Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in 2006 |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2005/06/06Apple-to-Use-Intel-Microprocessors-Beginning-in-2006/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Apple Newsroom |language=en-US}}{{cite web | title=Mac computers with Apple silicon | url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT211814 | publisher=Apple Inc. | date=July 25, 2022 | access-date=September 16, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916160633/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT211814 |archive-date=September 16, 2022 |url-status=live }}

File:Entrance view of NeXT Computer Inc..jpg office in 1995]]

Jobs created a unique corporate culture at NeXT in terms of facilities, salaries, and benefits. Jobs had experimented with some structural changes at Apple, but at NeXT he abandoned conventional corporate structures, instead making a "community" with "members" instead of employees. There were only two different salaries at NeXT until the early 1990s. Team members who joined before 1986 were paid {{US$|75000|1986|long=no|round=-3}} and those who joined afterward were paid {{US$|50000|1986|long=no|round=-3}}. This caused a few awkward situations where managers were paid less than their employees. Later, employees were given performance reviews and raises every six months. To foster openness, all employees had full access to the payrolls, although few employees ever used the privilege. NeXT's health insurance plan offered benefits to not only married couples but unmarried and same-sex couples, although the latter privilege was later withdrawn due to insurance complications.{{rp|80}} The payroll schedule was also very different from other Silicon Valley companies at the time, because instead of employees being paid twice per month at the end of the pay period, they were paid once per month in advance.{{rp|289}}

Jobs found office space in Palo Alto, California, at 3475 Deer Creek Road, occupying a glass-and-concrete building that featured a staircase designed by the architect I. M. Pei. The first floor had hardwood flooring and large worktables where the workstations would be assembled. To avoid inventory errors, NeXT used the just-in-time (JIT) inventory strategy. The company contracted out for all major components, such as mainboards and cases, and had the finished components shipped to the first floor for assembly. On the second floor was office space with an open floor plan. The only enclosed rooms were Jobs's office and a few conference rooms.{{Cite book | first=Owen W. | last=Linzmayer | title=Apple Confidential 2.0 | publisher=No Starch Press | year=2004 |oclc=52821221 |isbn=1-59327-010-0 | edition=Rev. 2nd |location=San Francisco, Calif.}}{{rp|323}}

NeXT's expansion prompted renting an office at 800 and 900 Chesapeake Drive, in Redwood City, also designed by Pei. The architectural centerpiece was a "floating" staircase with no visible supports. The open floor plan was retained, with furnishings that were luxurious, such as $5,000 chairs, $10,000 sofas, and Ansel Adams prints.{{rp|80}}

NeXT's Palo Alto office was subsequently occupied by Internet Shopping Network (a subsidiary of Home Shopping Network) in 1994, and later by SAP AG. Its Redwood City office was later occupied by ApniCure and OncoMed Pharmaceuticals Inc.{{Cite news | title=The NeXT big thing: OncoMed finds a home | url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2007/10/29/focus6.html?page=all | publisher=American City Business Journals | date=October 28, 2007 | access-date=June 11, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111014158/http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/stories/2007/10/29/focus6.html?page=all | archive-date=November 11, 2013 | url-status=live }}

{{anchor|NeXTWORLD}}The first issue of NeXTWORLD magazine was printed in 1991. It was edited by Michael Miley and, later, Dan Ruby and was published in San Francisco by Integrated Media. It was the only mainstream periodical to discuss NeXT computers and software. The publication was discontinued in 1994 after only four volumes.{{Cite web | title=Serial Archive Listings for NeXTWORLD | website=The Online Books Page | url=http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=nextworld | access-date=June 13, 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612124153/http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=nextworld | archive-date=June 12, 2008 | url-status=live }} A developer conference, NeXTWORLD Expo, was held in 1991 and 1992 at the San Francisco Civic Center and in 1993 and 1994 at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, with Jobs as the keynote speaker.{{Cite magazine | title=NeXT makes play for corporate market | magazine=PC Week | date=January 27, 1992}}

Though not very profitable, the company had a wide-ranging impact on the computer industry. Object-oriented programming and graphical user interfaces became more common after the 1988 release of the NeXTcube and NeXTSTEP. The technologically successful platform was often held as the trendsetter when other companies started to emulate the success of NeXT's object-oriented system.{{Cite news | author=Smith, Carrie | title=NeXT means business now. | work=Wall Street & Technology | date=May 1994 | publisher=General Reference Center Gold}}

Widely seen as a response to NeXT, Microsoft announced the Cairo project in 1991; the Cairo specification included similar object-oriented user-interface features for a proposed consumer version of Windows NT. Although Cairo was ultimately abandoned, some elements were integrated into other projects.{{Cite news | author=Smith, Carrie | title=NeXT, Microsoft tackle objects: NT to gain OpenStep port. | work=PC Week | date=November 7, 1994 | publisher=General Reference Center Gold}}

By 1993, Taligent was considered by the press to be a competitor in objects and operating systems, even without any product release, and with NeXT as a main point of comparison. For the first few years, Taligent's theoretical innovation was often compared to NeXT's older but mature and commercially established platform,{{efn|Attributed to multiple references: {{Cite interview | magazine=NeXTWORLD | date=February 1994 | page=23-24 | first=Bud | last=Tribble | interviewer=NeXTWORLD | title=Bud Tribble Explains It All | url=https://archive.org/details/nextworld-1994/ | access-date=February 10, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103205939/https://archive.org/details/nextworld-1994/ | archive-date=January 3, 2020 | url-status=live }}{{Cite news

| last = Semich

| first =J. William

| title = Taligent (Apple, IBM and HP's joint object-oriented operating system)

| work = Datamation

| page = 34

| date = March 15, 1994}}{{Cite journal | title=Taligent Readies a New Development Paradigm | journal=IEEE Software | first=Rich | last=Santalesa | date=1995 | url=https://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/so/1995/02/s2103.pdf | access-date=October 3, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830122116/https://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/so/1995/02/s2103.pdf | archive-date=August 30, 2017 | url-status=live }}}} but Taligent's launch in 1995 was called "too little, too late", especially when compared with NeXT.{{Cite news | newspaper=SF Gate | date=June 6, 1995 | first=Tom | last=Abate | title=Analysts wary of late software by Taligent | url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Analysts-wary-of-late-software-by-Taligent-3144590.php | access-date=February 10, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218141829/https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Analysts-wary-of-late-software-by-Taligent-3144590.php | archive-date=February 18, 2019 | url-status=live }}

Several developers used the NeXT platform to write pioneering programs. For example, in 1990, computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee used a NeXT Computer to develop the first web browser and web server.{{Cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/WorldWideWeb.html|title=The WorldWideWeb browser|last=Berners-Lee|first=Tim|author-link=Tim Berners-Lee|website=World Wide Web Consortium|url-status=live|access-date=June 13, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904111724/http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/WorldWideWeb.html|archive-date=September 4, 2008}}[http://www.netvalley.com/cgi-bin/intval/net_history.pl?chapter=4 Roads and Crossroads of Internet History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206040430/http://www.netvalley.com/cgi-bin/intval/net_history.pl?chapter=4 |date=February 6, 2015 }} Chapter 4: Birth of the Web The video game series Doom,{{Cite web|date=May 9, 2020|title=Remembering Steve Jobs' NeXT, a computer company he founded in 1985|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/facts-you-probably-didnt-know-about-steve-jobs-next-inc-6394346/|access-date=February 24, 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en|last=Bhatia|first=Anuj|archive-date=May 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505125612/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/facts-you-probably-didnt-know-about-steve-jobs-next-inc-6394346/|url-status=live}} and Quake were developed by id Software using NeXT computers.{{Cite web|last=Carmack|first=John|title=Why John Carmack Chose NeXT For Developing 'Doom' And Other Favorites|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2016/09/01/why-john-carmack-chose-next-for-developing-doom-and-other-favorites/|access-date=February 24, 2022|website=Forbes|language=en|author-link=John Carmack|publisher=Quora|archive-date=May 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526180056/https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2016/09/01/why-john-carmack-chose-next-for-developing-doom-and-other-favorites/|url-status=live|date=September 1, 2016}}{{Cite web|last=Morgan|first=Clancy|title=Steve Jobs left Apple to start a new computer company. His $12 million failure saved Apple.|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-12-million-dollar-failure-saved-apple-next-2019-8|access-date=February 25, 2022|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}} Other commercial programs were released for NeXT computers, including Altsys Virtuoso—a vector-drawing program with page-layout features, which was ported to Mac OS and Windows as Aldus FreeHand v4—and the Lotus Improv spreadsheet program.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references: {{Cite web|title=Reviews: Virtuoso Performance|url=http://www.nextcomputers.org/NeXTfiles/Articles/NeXTWORLD/93.2/93.2.ApMay.Virtuoso.html|access-date=February 25, 2022|publisher=Simson Garfinkel|first1=Tony|last1=Bove|first2=Cheryl|last2=Rhodes|author-link1=Tony Bove}}{{Cite web|title=Reviews: Its Own Reward|url=http://simson.net/ref/NeXT/nextworld/92.4/92.4.Winter.Virtuoso.html|access-date=February 25, 2022|publisher=Simson Garfinkel|first1=Tony|last1=Bove|first2=Cheryl|last2=Rhodes|author-link1=Tony Bove}}{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-11162870.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409051520/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-11162870.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 9, 2016|title=V2.1 type library on CD-ROM|date=August 1, 1991|work=Graphic Arts Monthly |via=HighBeam Research|accessdate=February 17, 2013}}{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/NeXTWORLDVol.1No.1JanuaryFebruary1991|title=NeXTWORLD Vol. 1 No. 1 January/February 1991|date=1991|language=English}}{{rp|4}}{{rp|63}}}}

{{Portal|Companies|San Francisco Bay Area|1990s}}

• NeXT character set
• Multi-architecture binary

{{Notelist}}

{{clear}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book | first=Michael | last=Malone | title=Infinite Loop | publisher=Currency | date=1999 | isbn=0-385-48684-7 | url=https://archive.org/details/infiniteloophoww00malo }}
• {{Cite book | first1=Jeffrey S. | last1=Young | last2=Simon |first2=William L. | title=iCon: Steve Jobs | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | date=2005 | isbn=0-471-72083-6 | url=https://archive.org/details/iconstevejobsgre00jeff |url-access=registration }}
• {{Cite web|last=Panzarino|first=Matthew|date=November 20, 2011|title=Steve Jobs brainstorms with the NeXT team|url=https://thenextweb.com/news/watch-steve-jobs-brainstorm-with-the-next-team-in-this-fascinating-video|access-date=January 4, 2022|website=TNW|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416233538/https://thenextweb.com/news/watch-steve-jobs-brainstorm-with-the-next-team-in-this-fascinating-video|archivedate=April 16, 2021}}

{{Spoken Wikipedia|NeXT.ogg|date=October 16, 2011}}

• {{Commons-inline|NeXT}}
• {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970412194822/http://www.next.com/|title=Official website|date=April 12, 1997}}
• {{Cite web |url=http://www.nextcomputers.org/|title=NeXTcomputers.org - Welcome to the NeXT world!}}

{{NeXT Computer}}

{{Navboxes|list=

{{Steve Jobs}}

{{Apple}}

{{Authority control}}

}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Next}}

Category:1985 establishments in California

Category:1997 disestablishments in California

Category:1997 mergers and acquisitions

Category:American companies disestablished in 1997

Category:American companies established in 1985

Category:Apple Inc. acquisitions

Category:Companies based in Redwood City, California

Category:Computer companies disestablished in 1997

Category:Computer companies established in 1985

Category:Defunct computer companies based in California

Category:Defunct computer companies of the United States

Category:Defunct computer hardware companies

Category:Defunct computer systems companies

Category:Defunct manufacturing companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area

Category:Defunct software companies of the United States

Category:Electronics companies disestablished in 1997

Category:Electronics companies established in 1985

Category:Privately held companies based in California

Category:Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area

Category:Software companies disestablished in 1997

Category:Software companies established in 1985

Category:Steve Jobs