Neelie Kroes

Neelie Kroes was born on 19 July 1941 in Rotterdam, Netherlands. Her father owned the transport company Zwatra.{{in lang|nl}} [http://www.parlement.com/9291000/biof/01716 Drs. N. Kroes]. [http://www.parlement.com/ Parlement & Politiek]. Retrieved on 2010-03-02.

Kroes attended a Protestant grammar school in Rotterdam. She continued to a Protestant high school. In 1958, she went to study economics at the Erasmus University in Rotterdam. In 1961, Kroes was praeses of the R.V.S.V. (the largest Rotterdam sorority). She was also elected as a member of the University Council. After obtaining a Bachelor of Economics and later a Master of Economics degree in 1965, she became a research fellow at the economic faculty at that university. During this period Kroes was involved in the women's organisation within the VVD. In this period she also was member of the board of heavy transporting company "ZwaTra", the company of her father.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

File:Regeringsverklaring Kabinet Lubbers II minister Smit Kroes , close, Bestanddeelnr 253-8980.jpg

File:Opdracht Financieel Dagblad Meet the Netherlands Government minister Smit K, Bestanddeelnr 933-9867.jpg at a press conference in The Hague on 20 May 1987.]]

File:Premjers piedalās BEREC atklāšanā (6242737219).jpg Valdis Dombrovskis and European Commissioner Neelie Kroes at a meeting in Riga on 14 October 2011.]]

File:Mark Rutte Neelie Kroes.jpg at the Ministry of General Affairs on 28 October 2011.]]

Neelie Kroes was first elected member of the Rotterdam city council for the VVD in 1970.

In 1971, she was elected to the House of Representatives, forcing her to stop her fellowship. In parliament, she became spokesperson for education. She remained a member of parliament until 1977, when she became State Secretary for Transport, Public Works and Water Management in the First Van Agt Cabinet, responsible for Postal and Telephone Services and Transport. In 1981, she briefly returned to the House of Representatives, while her party, VVD, was in the opposition. In 1982 she returned to office in the First and Second Lubbers Cabinets, now as the Minister of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, a post that she held until 1989. As a minister she was responsible for the privatisation of the Postgiro (Postbank, initially a part of the PTT), the Post and Telephone Services, the Harbour Pilotage services, as well as the commissioning of the Betuwe Railway.

Kroes refused to become Minister of Defence in 1988.

During her tenure as minister, she was involved in the so-called TCR affair, about the illegal sale of warships. She had also a business relationship with a tank cleaning company (TCR), which illegally received governmental subsidies.

After her ministerial career, Kroes spent two years working on two projects as an advisor to Karel van Miert, at that time European Commissioner for Transport.Imre De Roo (22 September 2004) [https://www.politico.eu/article/the-networker/ The Networker] European Voice. She also became a member of the Rotterdam Chamber of Commerce, furthermore she served as a board member for Ballast Nedam (shipping), ABP-PGGM Capital Holdings N.V. (a joint subsidiary of the pension funds ABP and PGGM), NIB (an investment bank), McDonald's Netherlands, Nedlloyd, and Nederlandse Spoorwegen (the Dutch railroad company).

In 1991, Kroes became chairperson of Nyenrode University, a private business school. During this period Kroes also was a member of the Advisory Board of the Prof.Mr. B.M. Teldersstichting, the scientific bureau of VVD.

According to her husband, Bram Peper, from 1993 to 2001, Kroes relied on astrologers and clairvoyants for personal and business advice. Until 2004 Kroes maintained an office in the castle of Jan-Dirk Paarlberg, a real estate mogul who was convicted to four and a half years in prison for money-laundering and extortion. One of the astrologers advising Kroes during that time was Lenie Drent, who had been providing business advice to Paarlberg for decades.{{cite news |url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2686/Binnenland/article/detail/2437064/2011/05/25/Bram-Peper-Astrologe-adviseerde-Neelie-Kroes.dhtml |title = Bram Peper: Astrologe adviseerde Neelie Kroes|newspaper = Vk}}

Kroes has held and still holds many side offices, mainly in cultural and social organisations. She is chairperson of Poets of all Nations, the Delta Psychiatric Hospital and of the board of the Rembrandt House Museum. Also, she was a member of several boards of commissioners, for instance at Nedlloyd (a shipping company) and Lucent Technologies (an information and communication technologies company).

In 2004, Kroes was appointed the European Commissioner for Competition. At the time, her nomination was heavily criticised because of her ties to big business and alleged involvement in shady arms deals. Kroes has tried to uphold her integrity; whenever she has to deal with issues concerning competition in branches of industry in which she used to be active as a board member, Commissioner McCreevy takes over her responsibilities.

As chairperson of Nyenrode Business University, Kroes awarded an honorary doctorate to Microsoft founder Bill Gates in 1996. As a European Commissioner for Competition one of her first tasks in 2004 was to oversee the sanctions against Microsoft by the European Commission, known as the European Union Microsoft competition case. This case resulted in the requirement to release documents to aid commercial interoperability and included a €497 million fine for Microsoft.

Kroes attended conferences organized by the Bilderberg Group every year between 2005 and 2012.{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=358df7bd-7a54-41e4-9366-df1733597c30&k=96354|title=Secretive Bilderberg over but was world domination discussed?|access-date=16 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013034848/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=358df7bd-7a54-41e4-9366-df1733597c30&k=96354|archive-date=13 October 2008}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2010.html|title=Meeting 2010 Participants - Bilderberg Meetings|work=bilderbergmeetings.org|access-date=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114083158/http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2010.html|archive-date=14 January 2015|url-status=dead}}

In 2009, she was transferred to another European Commissioner post, namely ICT and Telecom. She was also appointed as one of the vice-presidents of the European Commission.

In 2010, she became European Commissioner for Digital Agenda in the second Barroso Commission. The Digital Agenda for Europe{{cite web | url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0245:FIN:EN:PDF | title=Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - A Digital Agenda for Europe | date=19 May 2010 | publisher=European Commission | access-date=27 January 2019 }} was proposed by the European Commission on 19 May 2010.

The Digital Agenda for Europe is supported by the EU Digital Competitiveness Report{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/digital-agenda/documents/edcr.pdf|title=Digital Agenda for Europe - A Europe 2020 Initiative|date=1 October 2016|work=Digital Agenda for Europe|access-date=10 January 2016}} launched also on 19 May 2010. She is a proponent of Free and Open Source Software.

Since 2010, she has served as a Commissioner for the Broadband Commission for Digital Development which leverages broadband technologies as a key enabler for social and economic development.{{cite web |url=http://www.broadbandcommission.org/commissioners.html |title=Commissioners |access-date=2011-03-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725102130/http://www.broadbandcommission.org/commissioners.html |archive-date=25 July 2011}}

In 2010, it was suggested that she would become prime-minister in the Netherlands, when Mark Rutte would stay in parliament due to difficulties in the formations in the new Cabinet. However, eventually Rutte became prime-minister.

In December 2011, Kroes invited Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg who had resigned as German Minister of Defence in March 2011, due to plagiarism charges – as advisor to the European Commission as part of its No Disconnect Strategy designed to promote Internet freedom.{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-11-1525_en.htm|title=Digital Agenda: Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg invited by Kroes to promote internet freedom|publisher=European Commission|date=2011-12-12|access-date=2014-01-01}}

In November 2012, Kroes made international news when she said her advisers at the Internet Governance Forum in Baku, Azerbaijan had been the victims of computer hacking.{{cite news |url= http://www.3news.co.nz/Internet-security-conference-hacked/tabid/412/articleID/276517/Default.aspx|title= Internet security conference hacked|publisher= 3 News NZ |date= 13 November 2012}}

Kroes is currently leading StartupDelta, a public-private initiative to help promote the Netherlands as a destination for startup companies.{{Cite web|url=http://startupdelta.org/about|title=StartupDelta|website=startupdelta.org|access-date=2016-04-04}} For the 2019 European elections, she was brought into the European election campaign by Guy Verhofstadt's Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open VLD) in Belgium.Eline Schaart (12 March 2019) [https://www.politico.eu/article/former-top-dutch-eu-official-commissioner-neelie-kroes-running-in-eu-election-vld/ Former Commissioner Neelie Kroes running in European election] Politico Europe.

In addition, Kroes has been holding a variety of paid and unpaid positions.

At the end of the 1980s, intensive research into environmental crime among chemical waste processing companies ended in a fiasco.{{cite web | url=https://www.2doc.nl/documentaires/series/2doc/2017/december/beerput-nederland.html | title=Beerput Nederland | date=4 December 2017 }} As Minister of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Kroes had conceived the plan to provide subsidies to the companies TCA and TCR (Tanker Cleaning Amsterdam and Rotterdam, respectively). Even though she was made aware of the company's criminal activities, including mixing chemical waste into fuel oil, she pushed through with the subsidies. The resulting TCR affair sparked a parliamentary inquiry in 1997. Kroes was accused by the investigative committee that she had helped a rogue company with a government subsidy into the saddle, which made the environmental crimes possible.

In the mid-1990s, Kroes was involved in the frigate affair: the failed purchase of six Dutch frigates (amounting to 1.2 billion euros) by the United Arab Emirates. As chairman of a consortium of Holland Signaal, Ballast Nedam and Koninklijke Schelde (supported by the navy, the Port of Rotterdam Authority and the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs), Kroes attempted to exchange the frigates for oil supplies. When it turned out that she was also using her chairmanship to serve the business interests of a personal friend, the businessman Joop van Caldenborgh, she was removed from her position by the government.{{cite news | url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2004/09/27/de-belangen-van-een-onbezoldigd-kaasmeisje-7703638-a1030283 | title=De belangen van een 'onbezoldigd kaasmeisje' | newspaper=NRC | date=27 September 2004 | last1=Dohmen | first1=Joep }} It was only in 2011 that it became known that she had also put Prince Bernhard forward as a lobbyist in this deal, in violation of the agreements that Bernhard had made with the Den Uyl cabinet after the Lockheed affair. The frigate affair brought Kroes into contact with Jordanian investor Amin Badr-El-Din, with whom she would run the company Mint Holdings some years later, which was planning to take over part of Enron.{{cite web | url=http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/39681/nbsp/article/detail/4381113/2016/09/21/De-Arabische-connectie-van-Neelie-Kroes.dhtml | title=De Arabische connectie van Neelie Kroes | date=21 September 2016 }}

In 2016, leaks to the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (who also oversaw the Panama Papers and Paradise Papers leaks) revealed that from 2001 to 2009 Kroes was the director of Mint Holdings, a company registered in the Bahamas.

{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/sep/21/ex-eu-commissioner-neelie-kroes-failed-to-declare-directorship-of-offshore-firm|title=Ex-EU commissioner Neelie Kroes failed to declare directorship of offshore firm|website=The Guardian|date=2016-09-22|access-date=2016-09-22}}

{{Cite web|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/neelie-kroes-named-in-bahamas-offshore-leaks-tax-avoidance/|title=Neelie Kroes under fire after leak reveals offshore business|website=Politico|date=2016-09-22|access-date=2016-09-22}}

{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/424e146a-803d-11e6-8e50-8ec15fb462f4|title=Bahamas leak shines spotlight on Neelie Kroes|website=Financial Times|date=2016-09-22|access-date=2016-09-22}} As part of the EU rules, a commissioner is obliged to declare previous and current economic interests, but she did not declare her directorship of the Bahamas company. Further, EU commissioners are not allowed to hold outside directorships while in office (Kroes was in office 2004–2014). According to her lawyer, Kroes acknowledged the situation, calling it an "oversight", and declared that she would take full responsibility.

The “Uber files”, leaked documents in 2022, revealing active and irregular efforts of Uber in lobbying regulators, revealed that Kroes prepared her appointment at the taxi company when she was still in office.

She did not disclose the numerous appointments she had with firms executives when European Commissioner for competition and then new technologies (a position she held until November 2014).

After resigning from the European Commission, she actively helped Uber bending regulations by opening her contacts to the company, including Netherlands then Prime Minister Mark Rutte, breaking her 18-months duty of réserve that ex commissioner must apply. She finally joins Uber Public Affairs team in 2016.{{Cite news |date=2022-07-12 |title=« Uber Files » : les liaisons dangereuses entre Uber et la commissaire européenne Neelie Kroes |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2022/07/12/uber-files-les-liaisons-dangereuses-entre-uber-et-la-commissaire-europeenne-neelie-kroes_6134525_4408996.html |access-date=2023-02-19}}

Kroes was married to social democratic minister and mayor Bram Peper. She is a confidant of Ayaan Hirsi Ali, known for her criticism of Islam and having a fatwa issued, and persuaded her to switch allegiance from the social democratic PvdA to the VVD.

• Uber, Member of the Public Policy Advisory Board{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@UberPubPolicy/announcing-ubers-public-policy-advisory-board-f7e6758ba9bd|title=Announcing Uber's Public Policy Advisory Board|website=Medium|date=4 May 2016|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-05}}Leslie Hook and Richard Waters (4 May 2016), [https://www.ft.com/content/9354d5b2-11cd-11e6-839f-2922947098f0 Uber picks up Neelie Kroes to navigate policy roadblocks] Financial Times.
• Salesforce, Non-Executive Board Board of Directors (since 2016){{Cite web|url=https://www.startupfesteurope.com/site/featured-speaker/neelie-kroes/|title=Neelie Kroes {{!}} Startup Fest Europe|website=Startup Fest Europe|language=en-US|access-date=2016-04-04}}

• Open Data Institute, Non-Executive Member of the Board (since 2015)

{{Cite web|url=https://theodi.org/news/global-data-leader-and-former-european-commissioner-for-digital-agenda-neelie-kroes-joins-odi-board|title=Global data leader and former European Commissioner for Digital Agenda, Neelie Kroes joins ODI Board|website=theODI.org|access-date=2016-09-15}}

Kroes was International Road Federation Man of the Year of 1993.

Kroes made the Forbes' The World's 100 Most Powerful Women list multiple times: as number 53 in 2009,{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/11/power-women-09_Neelie-Kroes_41C2.html|title=#53 Neelie Kroes|access-date= 22 February 2010|date=19 August 2009|work=The 100 Most Powerful Women|publisher=Forbes}} 47 in 2008,{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/11/biz_powerwomen08_Neelie-Kroes_41C2.html|title=#47 Neelie Kroes; Competition commissioner, European Union|access-date=16 December 2008|date=27 August 2008|work=Forbes Magazine's List of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women}} 59 in 2007.

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: {{note_label|Portfolios|European Commissioner for Competition (2004–2010), Digital Agenda (2010–2014), Vice-President of the European Commission (2010–2014)}}

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• {{in lang|nl}} [https://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llfemfyf/n_neelie_kroes Dr. N. (Neelie) Kroes] Parlement & Politiek

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