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Nemeth Braille

{{Short description|Braille code for mathematics and science}}

{{redirect|Nemeth|the surname|Németh}}

{{Infobox writing system

| name = Nemeth Braille

| altname =

| type = Alphabet

| typedesc = Braille code for encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly

| time = 1952 to the present

| languages = Several

| fam1 =

| fam2 =

| sisters =

| children =

| creator = Abraham Nemeth

| sample =

| imagesize = 3

| unicode =

| note =

}}

The Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics and Science Notation is a Braille code for encoding mathematical and scientific notation linearly using standard six-dot Braille cells for tactile reading by the visually impaired. The code was developed by Abraham Nemeth. The Nemeth Code was first written up in 1952. It was revised in 1956, 1965, and 1972.{{cite web|title=The History of Nemeth Code|url=http://nfb.org/images/nfb/publications/fr/fr28/fr280110.htm|access-date=2012-04-26}} It is an example of a compact human-readable markup language.

Nemeth Braille is just one code used to write mathematics in braille. There are many systems in use around the world.{{cite web|title=Braille Mathematical Notations|url=http://chezdom.net/blog/?page_id=51|access-date=2012-04-26|date = 2008-07-22}}

Principles of the Nemeth Code

The Nemeth Code Book (1972) opens with the following words:

{{quote|text=This Braille Code for Mathematics and Science Notation has been prepared to provide a system of symbols which will allow technical literature to be presented and read in braille. The Code is intended to convey as accurate an impression as is possible to the braille reader of the corresponding printed text, and this is one of its principal features. When the braille reader has a clear conception of the corresponding printed text, the area of communication between himself and his teacher, his colleagues, his associates, and the world at large is greatly broadened. A test of the accuracy with which the Code conveys information from the print to the braille text is to effect a transcription in the reverse direction. The amount of agreement between the original printed text and one transcribed from the braille is a measure of the Code's accuracy.|source={{cite web|title=The Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics and Science Notation 1972 Revision |url=http://www.brailleauthority.org/mathscience/nemeth1972.pdf |access-date=2012-04-26}}}}

One consequence is that the braille transcriber does not need to know the underlying mathematics. The braille transcriber needs to identify the inkprint symbols and know how to render them in Nemeth Code braille. For example, if the same math symbol might have two different meanings, this would not matter; both instances would be brailled the same. This is in contrast to the International Braille Music Code, where the braille depends on the meaning of the inkprint music. Thus a knowledge of music is required to produce braille music.

Table of Nemeth braille codes

= General signs =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Symbol*,...
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|4|4536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|6}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|3|3|3}}

{{cite web|title=Nemeth Braille (Mathematics Braille)|url=http://acharya.iitm.ac.in/disabilities/nemeth_brl.php|access-date=2012-04-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421113105/http://acharya.iitm.ac.in/disabilities/nemeth_brl.php|archive-date=2012-04-21}}

=Number signs=

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
SymbolNumber
prefix		Decimal
point		Thousands
separator		0123456789
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|4536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|6}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|2}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|23}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|25}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|26}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|253}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|2536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|236}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|53}}

= Operators =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Symbol+-×·÷. (decimal)√i√ (radical index)
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|436}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|36}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4|16}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|16}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|43}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|453}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|126}}

Symbolinner √ (1st)inner √ (2nd)end 1st √end 2nd √long division/!
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|46}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|46}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|14256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|46|14256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|153}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|43}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|14236}}

= Parentheses and brackets =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Symbol()[]{}
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|12536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|42536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4|12536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4|42536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|12536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|42536}}

= Fractions =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
rowspan=2| Symbol

!colspan=3|simple ||colspan=3|complex ||colspan=3|hypercomplex ||colspan=3|fraction in mixed number

openlinecloseopenlinecloseopenlinecloseopenlineclose
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|1456}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|43}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|6|1456}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|6|43}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|6|4536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|6|6|1456}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|6|6|43}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|6|6|4536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|456|1456}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|456|43}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|456|4536}}

=Other modifiers=

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Symbol∵∴:∷{{prime}}″
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|4|43}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|6|16}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|46}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|3}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|3|3}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Symbol∞∝°%✓
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|6|142536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|456|142536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|16}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4|536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4|453}}

= Braille indicators =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
SymbolPunctuationSuperscriptSubscriptBaselineOmissionCancel (close)Cancel (open)Run OverDirectly OverDirectly UnderBeginningTermination
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|456}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|45}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|56}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|5}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|142536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|14256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|426}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|5}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|126}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|146}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|5}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|14256}}

= Comparison signs =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;white-space: nowrap;"
Symbol><≥≤≧≦
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|46|2}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|5|13}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|2|156}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|5|13|156}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|2|46|13}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|5|13|46|13}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Symbol⋝⋜⪚⪙
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|156|46|2}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|156|5|13}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|13|46|2}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|13|5|13}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; white-space: nowrap;"
Symbol><<>>=<<=>
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|46|2|5|5|13}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|5|13|5|46|2}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|2|46|13|5|13}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|5|13|46|13|46|2}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; white-space: nowrap;"
Symbol=≠≯≮~≈≅±∓
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|46|13}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|43|46|13}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|43|46|2}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|43|5|13}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4|156}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4|156|4|156}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4|156|46|13}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|436|36}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|36|436}}

= Geometry =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
SymbolParallelPerpendicularAngleRight angle
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|123}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|1423}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|426}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|426|46|1253|14256}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
SymbolArc downArc upTrapezoidSquareRectangleParallelogram
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|1}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|3}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|14253}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|1253}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|1425}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
SymbolRhombusIsosceles trapezoidTriangleRight triangleCircleEllipse
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|125}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|1536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|4253}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|4253|46|1253|14256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|14}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|15}}

= Arrows =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Symbol⟶⟵⟷
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|25|25|153}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|426|25|25}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|426|25|25|153}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Symbol→⇌⇒
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|153}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|25|25|4|153|1426|6|426}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|2536|2536|153}}

= Trig functions =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
FunctionSineCosineTangent
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|423|42|1453}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|14|153|423}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4253|1|1453}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
FunctionSecantCosecantCotangentLogarithm
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|423|15|14}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|14|423|14}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|14|153|4253}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|123|153|1425}}

= Set theory =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Symbol∈∋∪∩∅{}
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|4|15}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4|26}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|436}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|146}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|456|236}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|12536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|42536}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Symbol⊂⊃⊆⊇
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|456|5|13}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|456|46|2}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|456|5|13|156}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|456|46|2|156}}

= Misc. signs =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Symbol⊕⊗⊡
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|14|456|1426|436|14256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|14|456|1426|16|14256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|256|456|1426|16|14256}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
SymbolIntersecting lines@DittoTally mark+--+
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|42}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4|1}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|6|3}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|456}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|436|5|36}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|36|5|436}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Symbol{{pipe}}≃≡—{{pipe}} {{pipe}} (modulus). dot
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|1256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4|156|156}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|456|123}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|156}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1256|1256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|16}}

= Polygons =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
SymbolPentagonHexagonHeptagonOctagonNonagonn-agon
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|26}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|253}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|2536}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|236}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|53}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426}} + (Nemeth Braille of n)

= Triangles =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
SymbolAcuteRightIsoscelesObtuseScalene
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|4253|46|1|14256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|4253|46|1253|14256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|4253|46|42|14256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|4253|46|153|14256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|4253|46|423|14256}}

= Other signs =

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"

|+

SymbolAcute angleRight angleObtuse angleHexagon star§
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|426|46|1|14256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|426|46|1253|14256}}

|| {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|426|46|153|14256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|1426|423}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4|6|1423}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4|6|423}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+

Symbolref. indicatorletter signcomposite function{{pipe}}det{{pipe}} matrix∫∂
Braille

| {{Braille cell|type=image|4|14256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|456}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|56}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|16}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|6|1256}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4236}} || {{Braille cell|type=image|4|145}}

=[[Greek letters]] and [[Latin letters]] =

Greek and Latin letters are based on the assignments of International Greek Braille.

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Symbolsmall Latin letterscapital Latin letterssmall Greek letterscapital Greek letters
Braille

| (Braille of the letter) || {{Braille cell|type=image|6}} + (Braille of the letter) || {{Braille cell|type=image|46}} + (Braille of the letter) || {{Braille cell|type=image|46|6}} + (Braille of the letter)

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • [http://www.dotlessbraille.org/NemethIntro.htm An Introduction to the Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics]
  • [http://www.brailleauthority.org/mathscience/nemeth1972.pdf PDF of the 1972 Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics]
  • [http://myria.math.aegean.gr/braille/index-en.html latex2nemeth], application software that transcribes LaTeX to Nemeth Braille.
  • [http://www.duxburysystems.org/documentation/braille/index.htm Braille files for the Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics; and other resources about braille transcribing]
  • [https://nfb.org//images/nfb/publications/fr/fr28/fr280110.htm The History of Nemeth Code]
  • [https://chezdom.net/mathematicalbraillecodes/ Braille Mathematical Notations: Different Braille Mathematical Codes from Around the World]

{{Braille}}

Category:Braille symbols

Category:Mathematical notation

Category:Mathematical markup languages