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Nepenthes maxima

{{short description|Tropical pitcher plant from New Guinea and surrounding islands}}

{{Redirect|Nepenthes curtisii}}

{{Speciesbox

|image = Nepenthes maxima Sulawesi1.jpg

|image_caption = An upper pitcher of Nepenthes maxima from Sulawesi (~400 m asl)

|status = LC

|status_system = IUCN3.1

|status_ref = {{cite iucn |author=Clarke, C.M. |date=2018 |title=Nepenthes maxima |volume=2018 |page=e.T39675A143962061 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T39675A143962061.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}

|genus = Nepenthes

|species = maxima

|authority = Reinw. ex Nees (1824)

|synonyms =

{{collapsible list|bullets = true

|title=Synonyms

|Nepenthes boschiana
auct. non Korth.: Becc. (1878)

|Nepenthes celebica
Hook.f. (1873){{in lang|la}} Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105.

|Nepenthes curtisii
Mast. (1887)Masters, M.T. 1887. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26088289 New or noteworthy plants. Nepenthes Curtisii, Mast., sp. nov.]. The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 2(49): 681, 689.

|Nepenthes curtisii var. superba
Hort.Veitch ex Marshall (1889)

|Nepenthes dayana
A.Truffaut ex M.J.Sallier (1894) nom.superfl.

|N. maxima × N. albomarginata
Hort.Bednar (1987)

|Nepenthes oblanceolata
Ridl. (1916)Ridley, H.N. 1916. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/745146 Nepenthaceæ.] [pp. 139–141] In: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/745006 I. Report on the botany of the Wollaston Expedition to Dutch New Guinea, 1912–13.] The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, series 2: botany, 9(1): 1–269. {{doi|10.1111/j.1095-8339.1916.tb00009.x}}

|Nepenthes spectabilis
auct. non Danser: Hort. ex Hort.Bednar (1987)

}}

{{collapsible list|bullets = true

|title=Heterochresonyms

|Nepenthes maxima
auct. non Reinw. ex Nees: Becc. (1886)
[=N. boschiana/N. maxima/N. stenophylla/N. sumatrana]

|Nepenthes maxima
auct. non Reinw. ex Nees: Cheers (1992)
[=N. northiana × N. maxima]

}}

{{collapsible list|bullets = true

|title=Pre-Linnaean names

|"Cantharifera alba"
Rumph. (1750)

}}

|}}

File:Nepenthes oblanceolata upper pitcher.jpg

File:Nepenthes oblanceolata plant.jpg plant of N. oblanceolata from near Wamena, Baliem Valley, New Guinea]]

File:Male Flower of Nepenthes maxima.JPG]]

File:Female Flower of Nepenthes maxima.JPG]]

Nepenthes maxima ({{IPAc-en|n|ᵻ|ˈ|p|ɛ|n|θ|iː|z|_|ˈ|m|æ|k|s|ᵻ|m|ə}}; from Latin: maximus "greatest"), the great pitcher-plant,Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. is a carnivorous pitcher plant species of the genus Nepenthes. It has a relatively wide distribution covering New Guinea, Sulawesi, and the Maluku Islands. It may also be present on Wowoni Island.{{in lang|id}} Sunarti, S., A. Hidayat & Rugayah 2008. [http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D0903/D090309.pdf Keanekaragaman tumbuhan di hutan Pegunungan Waworete, Kecamatan Wawonii Timur, Pulau Wawonii, Sulawesi Tenggara.] [Plants diversity at the mountain forest of Waworete, East Wawonii District, Wawonii Island, Southeast Sulawesi.] Biodiversitas 9(3): 194–198.

Nepenthes maxima belongs to the loosely defined "N. maxima complex", which also includes, among other species, N. boschiana, N. chaniana, N. epiphytica, N. eymae, N. faizaliana, N. fusca, N. klossii, N. platychila, N. stenophylla, and N. vogelii.Robinson, A.S., J. Nerz & A. Wistuba 2011. Nepenthes epiphytica, a new pitcher plant from East Kalimantan. In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 36–51.

Variability

This species exhibits great variability across its range, particularly in the plasticity of its pitchers.{{in lang|de}} Marwinski, D. 2014. Eine Expedition nach West-Papua oder auf den Spuren von Nepenthes paniculata. Das Taublatt 78: 11–44. Plants growing in drier, somewhat seasonal parts of New Guinea generally produce elongated pitchers with narrow peristomes and well-developed waxy zones, while those inhabiting perhumid areas often have a reduced waxy zone and enlarged peristome. This is thought to be because the peristome, when fully wetted, is more effective at trapping prey than the waxy zone, but performs poorly in drier conditions.Clarke, C. 2013. [http://flashstream1.jcu.edu.au/html/tess-13-seminar-sep25.html What Can Tree Shrews Tell Us about the Effects of Climate Change on Pitcher Plants?] [video] TESS seminars, 25 September 2013.Moran, J.A., L.K. Gray, C. Clarke & L. Chin 2013. Capture mechanism in Palaeotropical pitcher plants (Nepenthaceae) is constrained by climate. Annals of Botany 112(7): 1279–1291. {{doi|10.1093/aob/mct195}}

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File:Nepenthes maxima Anggi2.jpg|

File:Nepenthes maxima Anggi3.jpg|

File:Nepenthes maxima Anggi4.jpg|

File:Nepenthes maxima Anggi5.jpg|

File:Nepenthes maxima Anggi1.jpg|

Lower and upper pitchers of various forms of N. maxima from around the Anggi Lakes, West Papua, New Guinea

Certain forms of N. maxima produce distinctly wavy laminar margins, a trait particularly common in plants from Sulawesi.[Anonymous] 2013. {{cite web|url= http://www.borneoexotics.com/Newsletters/Borneo_Exotics_Newsletter_Vol_2_Issue_2.pdf |title=BE-3543 Nepenthes maxima - wavy leaf. }} Nepenthes Growers Newsletter 2(2): 7–8. In extreme examples, even the decurrent wings of the leaf—which can extend down the entire length of the stem's internode—may be highly undulate.Bourke, G. 2010. {{cite web |url= http://captiveexotics.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Captive-Exotics-Newsletter-Vol-1-No-1-May-2010.pdf |title= Plant profile: Nepenthes maxima. |access-date= 2012-10-21 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130409110826/http://captiveexotics.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Captive-Exotics-Newsletter-Vol-1-No-1-May-2010.pdf |archive-date= 2013-04-09 |url-status= dead }} Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 9–10. Such rippled patterns result from increased cell growth near the edges of the leaf, which causes its thin, planar surface to buckle as it assumes the conformation with the lowest energy state.Sharon, E., M. Marder & H.L. Swinney 2004. [http://math.arizona.edu/~goriely/workshop-growth/marder-sharon-swiney-04%28leaves%29.pdf Leaves, flowers and garbage bags: making waves.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016035341/http://math.arizona.edu/~goriely/workshop-growth/marder-sharon-swiney-04%28leaves%29.pdf |date=2013-10-16 }} American Scientist 92(3): 254–261.

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Image:Nepenthes maxima Sulawesi7.jpg

Image:Nepenthes maxima Sulawesi13.jpg

Image:Maximaupper1500.jpg

Image:Maxima11600.jpg

Image:Nepmaxima14.jpg

Image:Nepmaxima13.jpg

Image:Nepenthes maxima11.jpg

Image:Nepenthes New Guinea5.jpg

Nepenthes maxima exhibits extraordinary variability across its range, as evident in this selection of upper pitchers produced by plants from (left to right, top to bottom) Sulawesi at 400 m, Sulawesi at 700 m, New Guinea at 1,500 m, New Guinea at 1,600 m, New Guinea at 1,700 m (two pitchers), New Guinea at 2,300 m, and New Guinea at 2,600 m.

Infraspecific taxa

In 2009, a cultivar from Lake Poso in Sulawesi was named Nepenthes maxima 'Lake Poso'.Evans, D.P. 2009. [http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/Species/v38n1p12_22.html#Poso New Cultivars: Nepenthes maxima 'Lake Poso']. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 38(1): 18–22. In 2016, this taxon was described as a species in its own right, N. minima.Cheek, M. & M.H.P. Jebb (2016). Nepenthes minima (Nepenthaceae), a new pyrophytic grassland species from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Blumea 61: 181–185. {{doi|10.3767/000651916X693509}}

Natural hybrids

Image:SulawesiNepenthes.jpg|? N. glabrata × N. maxima

Image:Nepenthes klossii maxima.jpg|N. klossii × N. maxima

Image:Nepmaxneo1.jpg|N. maxima × N. neoguineensis

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

{{Refbegin|2}}

  • [Anonymous] 1889. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25922560 Nepenthes at Messrs. Veitch's.] The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 6(145): 388.
  • [Anonymous] 2010. [http://www.miga.org/documents/WedaBay_ExplorationandDevelopment_ESIA.pdf Eramet-PT Weda Bay Nickel Exploration and Development ESIA.] ERM Indonesia, Jakarta.
  • Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. {{cite web |url= http://myais.fsktm.um.edu.my/8918/1/10.pdf |title= The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes. |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722233248/http://myais.fsktm.um.edu.my/8918/1/10.pdf |archive-date= 2011-07-22 }} Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
  • Adam, J.H. 1997. {{cite web |url= http://psasir.upm.edu.my/3641/1/Prey_Spectra_of_Bomean_Nepenthes_Species_%28Nepenthaceae%29_in.pdf |title= Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat. }} Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20(2–3): 121–134.
  • Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. {{cite web |url= http://psasir.upm.edu.my/3779/1/Palynological_Study_of_Bornean_Nepenthes_%28Nepenthaceae%29.pdf |title= Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). }} Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7.
  • Amoroso, V.B., L.D. Obsioma, J.B. Arlalejo, R.A. Aspiras, D.P. Capili, J.J.A. Polizon & E.B. Sumile 2009. Inventory and conservation of endangered, endemic and economically important flora of Hamiguitan Range, southern Philippines. Blumea 54(1–3): 71–76. {{doi|10.3767/000651909X474113}}

    • Amoroso, V.B. & R.A. Aspiras 2011. Hamiguitan Range: a sanctuary for native flora. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 18(1): 7–15. {{doi|10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.07.003}}
    • Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. {{doi|10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x}}
    • Beveridge, N.G.P., C. Rauch, P.J.A. Keßler, R.R. van Vugt & P.C. van Welzen 2013. A new way to identify living species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae): more data needed! Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 42(4): 122–128.
    • {{in lang|la}} Blume, C.L. 1852. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/444841 Ord. Nepenthaceae.] In: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.274 Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1.] E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
    • Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist 191(2): 545–554. {{doi|10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x}}
    • Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
    • Corner, E.J.H. 1996. Pitcher-plants (Nepenthes). In: K.M. Wong & A. Phillipps (eds.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=oiMIAQAAMAAJ Kinabalu: Summit of Borneo. A Revised and Expanded Edition.] The Sabah Society, Kota Kinabalu. pp. 115–121. {{ISBN|9679994740}}.
    • {{in lang|id}} Darma, I.D.P., I.P. Suendra & H.-M. Siregar 2004. BP-17: Keanekaragaman Nepenthes di Taman Wisata Alam Nanggala III, Luwu, Sulawesi Selatan. [Nepenthes diversity in Taman Wisata Alam Nanggala III, Luwu, Sulawesi Selatan.] [pp. xiv–xv] In: [http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D0501/D050108.pdf Abstrak: Konggres dan Seminar Nasional Penggalang Taksonomi Tumbuhan Indonesia (PTTI) Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, 19-20 Desember 2003.] Sisipan Biodiversitas 5(1): i–xxxii.
    • {{in lang|id}} Darma, I.D.P., I.P. Suendra & H.-M. Siregar 2004. [http://biosmart.mipa.uns.ac.id/index.php/biosmart/article/download/179/139 Keanekaragaman Nepenthes di Taman Wisata Alam Nanggala III, Luwu, Sulawesi Selatan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221061431/http://biosmart.mipa.uns.ac.id/index.php/biosmart/article/download/179/139 |date=2019-02-21 }}. [Diversity of Nepenthes at ecotour forest Nanggala III, Luwu, South Sulawesi.] BioSMART 6(2): 126–129.
    • Dixon, W.E. 1889. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25922524 Nepenthes.] The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 6(144): 354.
    • James, G. 1993. {{cite web|url= http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/CPNv22n1_2p29_30.pdf |title=Some observations of carnivorous plants in habitat, Sulawesi: Indonesia. }} Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 22(1–2): 29–30.
    • Kitching, R.L. 2000. [https://books.google.com/books?id=B4F2XYMmRG0C Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
    • Lecoufle, M. 1990. Nepenthes maxima. In: Carnivorous Plants: Care and Cultivation. Blandford, London. pp. 124–125.
    • {{in lang|id}} Mansur, M. 2001. {{cite web |url= http://elib.pdii.lipi.go.id/katalog/index.php/searchkatalog/downloadDatabyId/1286/1286.pdf |title= Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias. |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120319205635/http://elib.pdii.lipi.go.id/katalog/index.php/searchkatalog/downloadDatabyId/1286/1286.pdf |archive-date= 2012-03-19 }} In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
    • Masters, M.T. 1889. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25922840 Nepenthes Curtisi.] The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 6(154): 660–661.
    • Masters, M.T. 1890. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25924824 New or noteworthy plants. Nepenthes stenophylla, Mast., sp. n.]. The Gardeners' Chronicle, series 3, 8(192): 240.
    • McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Australia and New Guinea. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
    • Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. {{doi|10.1055/s-2001-12897}}
    • {{in lang|de}} Meimberg, H. 2002. {{cite web|url= http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1078/1/Meimberg_Harald.pdf |title=Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l.. }} Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
    • Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. {{doi|10.1055/s-2006-924676}}
    • Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023}}
    • Mey, F.S. 2014. [http://carnivorousockhom.blogspot.fr/2014/02/a-short-visit-to-papua-video-by.html A short visit to Papua, video by Alastair Robinson and Davide Baj.] Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, February 25, 2014.
    • {{in lang|ja}} Oikawa, T. 1992. Nepenthes maxima Reinw.. In: {{Nihongo||無憂草 – Nepenthes|Muyū kusa – Nepenthes}}. [The Grief Vanishing.] Parco Co., Japan. p. 62.
    • Porter, J.N. 1940. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7811900 Note on the germination of Nepenthes seed sown on agar]. Botanical Museum Leaflets Harvard University 8(3): 65–68.
    • Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172(7): 889–901. {{doi|10.1086/660882}}
    • Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2012. Molecular and functional evolution of class I chitinases for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29(10): 2971–2985. {{doi|10.1093/molbev/mss106}}
    • Rischer, R., M. Wenzel, J. Schlauer, G. Bringmann & L.A. Assi 1998. {{cite web|url= http://www.carnivorousplants.org/cpn/articles/1998Bonnp6_7.pdf |title=In vitro cultivation and experiments with carnivorous plants. }} In: J. Schlauer & B. Meyers-Rice (eds.) Proceedings: Second Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society. International Carnivorous Plant Society, Fullerton. pp. 6–7.
    • Shin, K.-S., S. Lee & B.J. Cha 2007. Suppression of phytopathogenic fungi by hexane extract of Nepenthes ventricosa x maxima leaf. Fitoterapia 78(7–8): 585–586. {{doi|10.1016/j.fitote.2007.03.020}}
    • Slack, A. 1979. Nepenthes maxima. In: Carnivorous Plants. Ebury Press, London. p. 86.
    • Thorogood, C. 2010. The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
    • Toma, I., C. Toma & I. Stănescu 2002. {{cite web|url= http://www.ibiol.ro/plant/Volume%2047/Rev.Roum.Biol.-Biol.Veget.,%202004,%20v.47,%20pp.3-7.pdf |title=Histo-anatomical aspects of the Nepenthes maxima Reinw. ex Ness metamorphosed leaf. }} Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Série de Biologie Végétale 47(1–2): 3–7.

    {{Refend}}

External links

{{Commons|Nepenthes maxima}}

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080611184047/http://www.trubus-online.com/mod.php?mod=publisher&op=viewarticle&cid=7&artid=17 Nepenthes maxima from Celebes go international]

{{Nepenthes}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q139550}}

Category:Carnivorous plants of Asia

maxima

Category:Flora of New Guinea

Category:Flora of Sulawesi

Category:Flora of the Maluku Islands

Category:Plants described in 1824

Category:Least concern plants