New Georgia

New Georgia island is located in the New Georgia Group, an archipelago including most of the other larger islands in the province. The island measures approximately {{convert|85|km|mi}} long by {{convert|41|km|mi}} wide. New Georgia forms part of the southern boundary of the New Georgia Sound. Kolombangara lies across the Kula Gulf to the west, Choiseul to the northeast, Vangunu is to the southeast, and Rendova to the southwest, across the Blanche Channel.

New Georgia is a volcanic island, surrounded in some places by a coral reef. The highest point is Mount Masse, with an elevation of {{convert|860|m|ft}}.

The climate is wet and tropical, and the island is subject to frequent cyclones. New Georgia is covered with dense vegetation, in the marshy areas mangroves are located.

The population of the island was 19,312 in 1999. Most of the population resides on the south coast; however, the main settlement is the village of Munda, located in the west. On the southeastern coast is the village of Sege. The islanders speak several Melanesian languages. The ten languages spoken on the island are from the family of New Georgia languages, a subgroup of the Northwest Solomonic languages within the Oceanic languages, a major group of the Austronesian family.

The Kalikoqu is a tribe in the Roviana Lagoon on the southern side of New Georgia Island; the larger tribal polities are the chief districts of Saikile and Kalikoqu.

The central part of New Georgia is the cradle of Roviana culture. A large complex of megalithic shrines and other structures was developed in the 13th century AD.{{Cite web|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_109_2000/Volume_109,_No._1/The_archaeology_of_head-hunting_in_Roviana_Lagoon,_New_Georgia,_by_Peter_J._Sheppard,_Richard_Walter_and_Takuya_Nagaoka,_p_9-38/p1|author1=Peter J. Shepherd |author2=Richard Walter |author3=Takuya Nagaoka |title=The Archaeology of Head-Hunting in Roviana Lagoon, New Georgia|publisher=The Journal of the Polynesian Society}} Later, between the 15th and 17th centuries Roviana people moved over to smaller barrier islands at New Georgia with a hub in Nusa Roviana. Through trade and headhunting expeditions, Nusa Roviana turned into the regional centre of power and trade.

The island was named New Georgia, by John Shortland when his ship, the Alexander, passed by it in August 1789 when returning to England in command of four vessels of the First Fleet.The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay, Picadilly, John Stockdale, 1789, p.203.

On March 15, 1893, Captain Herbert Gibson of {{HMS|Curacoa|1878|6}}, declared New Georgia to be part of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate.{{cite book |last1= Lawrence |first1= David Russell |title=The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific |date=October 2014 |publisher=ANU Press |isbn=9781925022032 |chapter=Chapter 6 The British Solomon Islands Protectorate: Colonialism without capital |chapter-url= http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p298111/pdf/ch063.pdf}}Commonwealth and Colonial Law by Kenneth Roberts-Wray, London, Stevens, 1966. P. 897

The Colonial Office appointed Charles Morris Woodford as the Resident Commissioner in the Solomon Islands on 17 February 1897. He was directed to control the labour trade operating in the Solomon Island waters and to stop the illegal trade in firearms.{{cite book|first1=Austin|last1=Coates|author-link=Austin Coates|title=Western Pacific Islands|place=London|publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office|isbn=978-0118804288|year=1970|page=228}} Arthur Mahaffy was appointed as the Deputy Commissioner to Woodford in January 1898.{{cite book |last1= Lawrence |first1= David Russell |title= The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific|date= October 2014|publisher=ANU Press |doi=10.22459/NBI.10.2014|isbn=9781925022032|pages=198–206 |chapter= Chapter 7 Expansion of the Protectorate 1898–1900 |chapter-url= http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p298111/pdf/ch073.pdf |doi-access= free }} In January 1900, Mahaffy established a government station at Gizo, as Woodford considered Mahaffy’s military training as making him suitable for the role of suppressing headhunting in New Georgia and neighbouring islands.{{cite book|first1=Austin|last1=Coates|author-link=Austin Coates|title=Western Pacific Islands|place=London|publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office|isbn=978-0118804288|year=1970|page=229}} Mahaffy had a force of twenty-five police officers armed with rifles, who were recruited from the islands of Malaita, Savo and Isabel.{{cite web| last = | first = |title= Mahaffy, Arthur (1869 - 1919)|publisher= Solomon Islands Historical Encyclopaedia 1893-1978|page=|year =2003 |url= https://aim25.com/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=17794&inst_id=126&nv1=search&nv2=| accessdate=24 March 2024}} The first target of this force was chief Ingava of the Roviana Lagoon of New Georgia who had been raiding Choiseul and Isabel and killing or enslaving hundreds of people.

Mahaffy and the police officers under his command carried out a violent and ruthless suppression of headhunting, with his actions having the support of Woodford and the Western Pacific High Commission, who wanted to eradicate headhunting and complete a “pacification” of the western Solomon Islands through punitive expeditions.{{cite book |last1= Lawrence |first1= David Russell |title= The Naturalist and his "Beautiful Islands": Charles Morris Woodford in the Western Pacific|date= October 2014|publisher=ANU Press |doi=10.22459/NBI.10.2014|isbn=9781925022032|pages=198–206 |chapter= Chapter 7 Expansion of the Protectorate 1898–1900 |chapter-url= http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p298111/pdf/ch073.pdf |doi-access= free }} Mahaffy seized and destroyed large war canoes (tomokos). One of which was used to transport the police officers. The western Solomon Islands were substantially pacified by 1902. During this time Mahaffy acquired artefacts held in high value by the Solomon Islanders for his personal collection.{{cite journal |author= Aoife O'Brien |title= Crime and Retribution in the Western Solomon Islands: Punitive raids, material culture, and the Arthur Mahaffy collection, 1898–1904|journal= Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History|volume=18|year= 2017|issue= 1|pages= | DOI=10.1353/cch.2017.0000}}

The Methodist Mission in New Georgia was established by Rev. John Frances Goldie in 1902.{{cite web|title= John Francis Goldie | publisher= Solomon Islands Historical Encyclopaedia, 1893-1978|date =2020|url= https://www.solomonencyclopaedia.net/biogs/E000476b.htm| access-date=26 January 2021}} He dominated the mission and gained the loyalty of Solomon Islander members of his church.{{cite web|last= Debra McDougall|title= Religious institutions as Alternative Structures in post-conflict Solomon Islands: Cases from Western Province|year= 2008|url= http://westernsolomons.uib.no/people/mcdougall.php|publisher= For State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Discussion Paper Series, 08/05, Australian National University|access-date= 4 Oct 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140918214717/http://westernsolomons.uib.no/people/mcdougall.php|archive-date= 18 September 2014|url-status= dead}} The relationship with the colonial administrators of the British Solomon Island Protectorate were also fraught with difficulty, at this time due to Goldie’s effective control over the Western Solomon Islands.

From 1927 to 1934 Dr Edward Sayers worked at the Methodist mission where he established a hospital at Munda and carried out fieldwork in the treatment of malaria.Sayers , E. G. (1943) Malaria in the South Pacific with Special Reference to the Solomon Islands. New Zealand Government Printing Office

Image:USS McCawley landing rehearsal.jpg {{USS|McCawley|APA-4|6}} on 14 June 1943, rehearsing for landings on New Georgia.]]

The island was occupied by the Empire of Japan in the early stages of World War II. During Pacific War, the United States' New Georgia Campaign opened with landings on New Georgia and nearby islands on 30 June 1943. New Georgia was secured by American forces on 23 August, after weeks of difficult and bloody jungle fighting, although fighting continued on some nearby islands until October 1943.

Munda, the Japanese base on New Georgia Island, was the main objective of the assault on the island. This base was not overrun until 5 August 1943. The Japanese port at Bairoko Harbor, {{convert|13|km|abbr=on}} north of Munda, was not taken until 25 August.

Donald Gilbert Kennedy was a Coastwatcher stationed at Seghe (Segi) on New Georgia during the Solomon Islands campaign during the Pacific War.{{cite web| work=Axis History Forum |title= Coastwatcher Donald Kennedy |date =2008|url= http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=144839| access-date=8 June 2015}}

• Seghe, Solomon Islands

{{Reflist}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100102214139/http://www.tribalarts.com/feature/solomon/index.html Toto isu/NguzuNguzu: War Canoe Prow Figureheads from the Western District, Solomon Islands]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080120074212/http://solomonislands.com.sb/newgeorgia.html]

{{Islands of the Solomon Islands}}

{{authority control}}

Category:Islands of the Solomon Islands

Category:Solomon Islands (archipelago)

Category:Western Province (Solomon Islands)

Category:Headhunting