New Man (utopian concept)

{{Short description|Utopian concept involving the creation of a new ideal human being or citizen}}

The New Man is a utopian concept that involves the creation of a new ideal human being or citizen replacing un-ideal human beings or citizens. The meaning of a New Man has widely varied and various alternatives have been suggested by a variety of religions and political ideologies.

Philosophical and religious versions

=Baháʼí New Race of Men=

Baháʼí literature states that training children in the world-embracing teachings of Baháʼu'lláh will cause a "truly new race of men" to emerge ("khalq-i-jadíd", also translated as a "new creation" by Shoghi EffendiThe Universal House of Justice. A New Race of Men and the meaning of "Tread Under". 2013-09-13. http://www.bahai-library.com/uhj_tread_race_men or as "spiritual rebirth").{{cite web | url=https://www.miscellanie.com/transcription/index.html | title=Arabic and Fársí transcription list and glossary for Bahá'ís }}{{Cite web|url=https://bahai-library.com/afaqi_proofs_quran_bahaullah|title=Proofs from the Holy Qur'án Regarding the Advent of Bahá'u'lláh}} The Bab in a letter, after expounding the purpose of his message, declares triumphantly "Wherefore are all part of a New Creation (khalq-i-jadíd) for We, we indeed originated that [new] creation...We did indeed initiate a new, eschatological creation." {{Cite web|url=https://hurqalya.ucmerced.edu/node/4051|title=Qā'imiyya - the Letter to Mullā Shaykh AIī Turshīzī entitled 'Aẓīm (D. Tehran 1852) | Hurqalya Publications: Center for Shaykhī and Bābī-Bahā'ī Studies}} Abdu'l Baha describes how "after the coming of the spiritual springtime, all phenomena become imbued with the life of a new creation and are reformed in the process of a new genesis". It is prophesied that a time is approaching when a new race of men will have been raised up that is "incomparable in character", who will be tasked with "helping to rebuild the world with the aid and inspiration of the Bahá'í teachings" and who will "purge mankind" of its current "defilement" and corruption.Nwachuku, Anisa Khadem. Critiquing Economic Frameworks in Sustainable Development: Health Equity, Resource Management and Materialism. Diss. Columbia University, 2011 - Baha'u'llah cited page viii Abdu'l Baha explains that only the only remedy to the current societal trend towards self-centered materialism is the power of a "new creation" where "the hearts and souls be revived" by "the breaths of the holy spirit".Page 74: Yazdani, Mina. Abdu'l-Bahá and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution: Embracing Principles while Disapproving Methodologies1." The Journal of Baha'i Studies 24.1/2 (2014) https://journal.bahaistudies.ca/online/article/view/160 In the process of working towards the more just, unified society envisioned by Baha'u'llah, the Baha'i writings predict reactions of fear and dismay will emerge from some.The Universal House of Justice. A New Race of Men and the meaning of "Tread Under". 2013-09-13. http://www.bahai-library.com/uhj_tread_race_menLIV - Baháʼuʼlláh, and Shoghi Effendi. Prayers and Meditations. Baháʼí Pub. Trust, 1987.

Baha'u'llah emphasises the selfless, altruistic nature of this new humanity that will come into being, writing that, "To be purged from defilement is to be cleansed of that which is injurious to man and detracteth from his high station—among which is to take undue pleasure in one's own words and deeds, however worthy they may be. True peace and tranquillity will only be realized when every soul will have become the well-wisher of all mankind."{{Cite web|url=https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/TU/tu-3.html|title = Bahá'í Reference Library - the Tabernacle of Unity, Pages 3-13}}

The Baháʼí writings also clarify that the initial response of fear will be short-lived, saying, "The fears and agitation which the revelation of this [God's] law provokes in men's hearts should indeed be likened to the cries of the suckling babe weaned from his mother's milk, if ye be of them that perceive. Were men to discover the motivating purpose of God's Revelation, they would assuredly cast away their fears, and, with hearts filled with gratitude, rejoice with exceeding gladness".

{{Cite web|url=https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/GWB/gwb-88.html|title = Bahá'í Reference Library - Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh, Page 175}} Philosopher Ian Kluge identifies what he terms, "the process of revolution and transformation from within" as only a part of a wider process of radical change initiated in this current era of history, citing this quote from the Baha'i writings: the "whole creation was revolutionized and all that are in the heavens and all that are on earth were stirred to the depths. Through that Word the realities of all created things were shaken, were divided, separated, scattered, combined and reunited, disclosing entities of a new creation..."Ian Kluge, "Nietzsche and the Baháʼí Writings: A First Look" in Lights of Irfan, volume 18, pages 351-424, 2017. Publisher: 'Irfán Colloquia. http://irfancolloquia.org/130/kluge_nietzsche

The Baháʼí Faith also emphasises how this ideal human state is a distant goal towards which all must strive -

"we can see that the process of recreating ourselves to be part of a new race of men will be an ongoing struggle for years to come".The Universal House of Justice. A New Race of Men and the meaning of "Tread Under". 2013-09-13. http://www.bahai-library.com/uhj_tread_race_men Abdu'l Baha writes that, "We must strive unceasingly and without rest to accomplish the development of the spiritual nature in man, and endeavor with tireless energy to advance humanity toward the nobility of its true and intended station".{{Cite web|url=https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PUP/pup-24.html|title=Bahá'í Reference Library - the Promulgation of Universal Peace, Pages 58-60}} He also stresses, however, that we have no claim to moral superiority over others: "Let us therefore be humble, without prejudices... Let us never say, "I am a believer but he is an infidel," "I am near to God, whilst he is an outcast." We can never know what will be the final judgment!", further highlighting, "Who are we that we should judge? How shall we know who, in the sight of God, is the most upright man?"{{Cite web|url=https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PT/pt-46.html|title = Bahá'í Reference Library - Paris Talks, Pages 146-151}}

Regarding this new state in humanity's evolution, it is also stated that "souls will arise and holy beings appear" who will "labor ceaselessly", "scatter in the world, and travel throughout all regions", "raise their voices in every assembly, and adorn and revive every gathering", "speak in every tongue, and interpret every hidden meaning", "reveal the mysteries of the Kingdom, and manifest unto everyone the signs of God", "perfume and revive the souls of men", and "reinvigorate the peoples and nations of the world".'Abdu'l-Bahá. Selections from the Writings of 'Abdu'l‑Bahá. http://www.bahai.org/r/517008437 Baháʼí economist, John Huddleston, in discussing the three necessary dimensions required to achieve World Peace writes that "The first dimension is the creation of a new race of men: the adoption of the highest ethical standards by every man, woman, and child on the planet".{{cite journal |last1=Huddleston |first1=John |title=Just System of Government: The Third Dimension to World Peace |journal=The Bahá'í Faith and Marxism |date=1987 |url=https://bahai-library.com/huddleston_just_system_government}}

In the Lights of Irfan annual publication, philosophy scholar Ian Kluge provides a comparative treatment of Baháʼí and Nietzschean concepts, including the Baháʼí new race of men and Nietzsche's Übermensch.Ian Kluge, "Nietzsche and the Baháʼí Writings: A First Look" in Lights of Irfan, volume 18, pages 351-424, 2017. Publisher: 'Irfán Colloquia. http://irfancolloquia.org/130/kluge_nietzsche

=Nietzschean ''Übermensch''=

Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of an Übermensch ("Overman") was that of a New Man who would be an example to humanity through an existentialist will to power that was vitalist and irrationalist in nature.Hans van Stralen. Choices and conflict: essays on literature and existentialism. Pp. Brussels, Belgium: Peter Lang, 2005. 127-128. Nietzsche developed the concept in response to his view of the herd mentality and inherent nihilism of Christianity, and the void in existential meaning that is realized with the death of God. Übermensch is the goal of humanity and the world-focused will of the Übermensch emerges as the new meaning of life on Earth, a norm-repudiating individual who overcomes himself and is the master in control of his impulses and passions.

Political versions

=Communist=

== In Chinese communism ==

The idea of the Soviet New Man was also inspired efforts in the People's Republic of China to develop a citizenry committed to transforming China into a strong and industrialized country.{{Cite book |last=Hirata |first=Koji |title=Making Mao's Steelworks: Industrial Manchuria and the Transnational Origins of Chinese Socialism |date=2024 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-38227-4 |series=Cambridge Studies in the History of the People's Republic of China series |location=New York, NY}}{{Rp|page=206}} China's promotion of model workers was part of this effort.{{Cite book |last=Yu |first=Miin-ling |url= |title=China learns from the Soviet Union, 1949-present |date=2010 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-4222-6 |editor-last=Bernstein |editor-first=Thomas P. |series=The Harvard Cold War studies book series |location=Lanham |chapter="Labor Is Glorious": Model Laborers in the People's Republic of China |oclc=421148384 |editor-last2=Li |editor-first2=Hua-Yu}}{{Rp|page=231}} During the Cultural Revolution, depictions of iron girls became a frequent subject of art, often shown in spaces and activities traditionally associated with male authority as part of an effort to develop the new socialist woman.{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Harriett |title=Red Legacies in China: Cultural Afterlives of the Communist Revolution |date=2016 |publisher=Harvard University Asia Center |isbn=978-0-674-73718-1 |editor-last=Li |editor-first=Jie |series=Harvard Contemporary China Series |volume= |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |chapter=Ambiguities of Address: Cultural Revolution Posters and Their Post-Mao Appeal |doi= |jstor= |editor-last2=Zhang |editor-first2=Enhua}}{{Rp|page=100}}

== In Cuban communism ==

The Cuban state sought to develop the socialist New Man through its voluntarism-focused Revolutionary Offensive campaign.{{Cite book |last=Cederlöf |first=Gustav |title=The Low-Carbon Contradiction: Energy Transition, Geopolitics, and the Infrastructural State in Cuba |date=2023 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-39313-4 |series=Critical environments: nature, science, and politics |location=Oakland, California}}{{Rp|pages=37-38}} Among the qualities Che Guevara theorized for the New Man, were generosity, indignation against injustice, realism, and being romantic.Turner, Jorge. "El Che y el hombre nuevo." Estudios Latinoamericanos 3.4 (1987): 5-7. Efforts from 1986 to 1990 to develop the New Man included efforts to increase moral, as opposed to economic incentives.{{Cite book |last=Mesa-Lago |first=Carmelo |title=Comparing Socialist Approaches: Economics and Social Security in Cuba, China, and Vietnam |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |year=2025 |isbn=9780822948476 |series=Pitt Latin American Series |location=Pittsburgh, PA}}{{Rp|page=39}}

Cuba again sought to promote the socialist revolutionary ideals of the New Man during the Battle of Ideas, a political campaign launched by Fidel Castro in 2000 following the popular mobilizations seeking the return of seven year-old Elián González from the United States.{{Cite book |last=Cederlöf |first=Gustav |title=The Low-Carbon Contradiction: Energy Transition, Geopolitics, and the Infrastructural State in Cuba |date=2023 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-39313-4 |series=Critical environments: nature, science, and politics |location=Oakland, California}}{{Rp|pages=138-139}}

=Fascist=

Fascism supports the creation of a New Man who is a strong-willed, dynamic archetype, a figure of direct action and bellicose violence. An anti-individualist, he is characterized by a sense of confidence and masculinity, quiet dignity and self-worth, determination, and authoritativeness. With a detachment from romantic love, family background and schooling, his worldview is romanticized, passionate, serious and realist, preoccupied with the honoring of fallen heroes, a strong belief in personal responsibility, national rebirth and renewal. He regards himself as one component of a disciplined mass that has shorn itself of individualism, party politics discrimination, and cohesive class orientation in favor of a united, para-militarist effort.Cyprian Blamires. World Fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2006. Pp. 466, 506. One example of this was the idea of the Political Soldier, which was developed by the leaders of the Official National Front in the UK in the 1980s and became part of the ideology of the Third Position.{{cite web |url=https://cst.org.uk/news/blog/2010/04/26/political-soldiers-and-the-new-man-part-one |title=Political Soldiers and the New Man - part one |author= |date=26 April 2010 |website=Community Security Trust |access-date=13 September 2015}}{{cite web |url=https://cst.org.uk/news/blog/2010/04/27/political-soldiers-and-the-new-man-part-two |title=Political Soldiers and the New Man - part two |author= |date=27 April 2010 |website=Community Security Trust |access-date=13 September 2015}}

=Liberal=

Thomas Paine and William Godwin believed that the spread of classical liberalism in France and the United States constituted the birth of a New Man and a new era.Gregory Claeys. The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Pp. 11-12.

=Transhumanist=

Transhumanism welcomes the creation of a literal new man by enhancements through cybernetics and other "human enhancements", and look to the singularity as that point in time when the new man arrives, his birthday if you will. Scholar Klaus Vondung argues that Transhumanism represents the final revolution.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dsIwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA364|title=Revolutions: Finished and Unfinished, From Primal to Final|first1=Paul|last1=Caringella|first2=Wayne|last2=Cristaudo|first3=Glenn|last3=Hughes|date=21 February 2013|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|via=Google Books|isbn=9781443846769}} Others have made similar observations.{{cite journal|title=New man in utopian and transhumanist perspective|first=Richard|last=Saage|date=1 December 2013|journal=European Journal of Futures Research|volume=1|issue=1|pages=14|doi=10.1007/s40309-013-0014-5|doi-access=free}}[https://books.google.com/books?id=z3rABgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 Knowing New Biotechnologies: Social Aspects of Technological Convergence], p. 77-91

=Utopian socialist=

Utopian socialists such as Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier and Robert Owen saw a future Golden Age led by a New Man who would reconstruct society.Gregory Claeys. The Cambridge Companion to Utopian Literature. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Pp. 14.