New Sweden#Forts

{{Further|Swedish Empire|}}

By the middle of the 17th century, Sweden had reached its greatest territorial extent and was one of the great powers of Europe; it was the stormaktstiden ("age of greatness" or "great power period").Jan Glete, [http://www2.historia.su.se/personal/jan_glete/Glete-Swedish_Fiscal-military_State.pdf The Swedish fiscal-military state and its navy, 1521–1721] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310120226/http://www2.historia.su.se/personal/jan_glete/Glete-Swedish_Fiscal-military_State.pdf |date=March 10, 2021 }}. Sweden then included Finland and Estonia, along with parts of modern Russia, Poland, Germany, Norway and Latvia under King Gustavus Adolphus and later Queen Christina. Other European nations were establishing colonies in the New World and building successful trading empires at this time. The Swedes sought to expand their influence by creating their own tobacco plantation and fur-trading colony to circumvent French, English and Dutch merchants.{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Christopher |title=The Dutch & Swedes on the Delaware, 1609–64 |date=1930 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |url=https://archivesfiles.delaware.gov/ebooks/The_Dutch_and_Swedes_on_the_Delaware_1609_64.pdf}}

The Swedish South Company (also known as the Company of New-Sweden) was founded in 1626 with a mandate to establish colonies between Florida and Newfoundland for the purposes of trade, particularly along the Delaware River. Its charter included Swedish, Dutch, and German stockholders. The directors of the company included Flemish/Dutch merchant Samuel Blommaert.{{cite web |url=https://colonialswedes.net/brief-history/ |title=A Brief History of New Sweden in America |publisher=The Swedish Colonial Society |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227164426/https://colonialswedes.net/brief-history/ |url-status=live }}{{cite book|author=Mark L. Thompson|title=The Contest for the Delaware Valley: Allegiance, Identity, and Empire in the Seventeenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCvndqXYhJEC|year=2013|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|isbn=978-0-8071-5060-3|access-date=October 31, 2016|archive-date=April 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413030505/https://books.google.com/books?id=gCvndqXYhJEC|url-status=live}} The company sponsored 11 expeditions in 14 separate voyages to Delaware between 1638 and 1655; two were lost.{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Amandus |title=The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware, 1638-1664 |volume=2 |date=1911 |url=https://archive.org/details/swedishsettlem02john |publisher=Dutch Colonial Society |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania}}

The first Swedish expedition to America sailed from the port of Gothenburg in late 1637, organized and overseen by Clas Larsson Fleming, a Swedish admiral from Finland. Blommaert assisted the fitting-out and appointed Peter Minuit (the former Governor of New Netherland) to lead the expedition. The expedition sailed into Delaware Bay aboard the Fogel Grip and Kalmar Nyckel; territory that was claimed by the Dutch. They passed Cape May and Cape Henlopen in late March 1638McCormick, p. 12; Munroe, Colonial Delaware, p. 16. and anchored on March 29 at a rocky point on the Minquas Kill that is known today as Swedes' Landing. They built a fort at the confluence of the Christina River and Brandywine Creek which they named Fort Christina after their Queen.{{cite book |editor-last1=Thorne |editor-first1=Kathryn |editor-last2=Ford |editor-first2=Compiler |editor-last3=Long |editor-first3=John H. |title=New York Atlas of Historical County Boundaries |page=5 |publisher=The Newbury Library |year=1993}}

In the following years, the area was settled by roughly 600 Swedes and Finns, a number of Dutchmen, a few Germans, a Dane, and at least one Estonian.{{Cite web|url=http://www.oocities.org/vienna/8921/colonial.html|title=Estonians in North America, 1627–1896|website=www.oocities.org|access-date=September 29, 2016|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134124/http://www.oocities.org/vienna/8921/colonial.html|url-status=live}} Minuit served as the first governor of the colony of New Sweden. He had been the third Director of New Netherland, and he knew that the Dutch claimed the area surrounding the Delaware River and its bay. The Dutch West India Company, however, had withdrawn its settlers from the area in order to concentrate on the settlement on Manhattan Island, leaving Fort Nassau on the east side of the Delaware River as the only Dutch outpost on the Delaware River.{{cite book |last1=Shorto |first1=Russell |title=The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That Shaped America |date=2004 |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0385503495}}

Minuit landed on the west bank of the river and met with the sachems of the Lenape and Susquehannock. They held a conclave in Minuit's cabin on the Kalmar Nyckel, and he persuaded the Lenape to sign deeds which he had prepared to resolve any issue with the Dutch. The Swedes claimed that the purchase included land on both sides of the South (Delaware) River from the Schuylkill River down to Delaware Bay in what is now Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland. Lenape sachem Mattahoon later claimed that the purchase only included as much land as was contained within an area marked by "six trees", and the rest of the land occupied by the Swedes was stolen.{{cite book |last1=Jennings |first1=Francis |title=The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire |date=1984 |publisher=Norton |location=New York, New York |isbn=0-393-01719-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/ambiguousiroquoi0000jenn}}

The Director of New Netherland, Willem Kieft, objected to the Swedish presence, but Minuit ignored him since he knew that the Dutch were militarily weak at the moment. Minuit completed Fort Christina, then sailed for Stockholm to bring a second group of settlers. He made a detour to the Caribbean to pick up a shipment of tobacco to sell in Europe in order to make the voyage profitable; however, he died on this voyage during a hurricane at St. Christopher in the Caribbean. The official duties of the governor of New Sweden were carried out by Captain Måns Nilsson Kling, until a new governor was selected and arrived from Sweden two years later.

The colony expanded along the river under the leadership of Johan Björnsson Printz, governor from 1643 to 1653. They established Fort Nya Elfsborg on the east bank of the Delaware near what is now Salem, New Jersey, and Fort Nya Gothenborg on Tinicum Island. Printz built his manor house, The Printzhof, at Fort Nya Gothenborg, and the Swedish colony prospered for a time. New Sweden established a strong trading relationship with the Susquehannock and supported them in their war against Maryland colonists.

{{Main article|Conquest of New Sweden}}

File:Nieuw Nederland and Nya Sverige.svg with modern state boundaries shown]]

In 1651, the Dutch West India Company abandoned Fort Nassau and established Fort Casimir on the west side of the Delaware River a few miles south of Fort Christina. In May 1654, soldiers from New Sweden led by Governor Johan Risingh captured Fort Casimir and renamed it Fort Trinity (Trefaldigheten in Swedish). In November 1654, the directors of the Dutch West India Company ordered the Director-General of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant, to "drive" the Swedes from the river.{{cite book |last1=Gehring |first1=Charles T. |editor1-last=Hoffecker |editor1-first=Carol E. |display-editors=etal |title=New Sweden in America |date=1995 |publisher=University of Delaware Press |location=Newark, Delaware |pages=69–85 |chapter=Hodi Mihi, Cras Tibi: Swedish-Dutch Relations in the Delaware Valley}}

In the summer of 1655, Stuyvesant sailed from New Amsterdam to Delaware Bay with 7 ships and 317 soldiers and quickly retook Fort Casimir (Fort Trinity). Stuyvesant then proceeded to besiege Fort Christina which surrendered on September 15, 1655. During the siege, the Dutch plundered houses and killed livestock in the vicinity of the fort. New Sweden was formally incorporated into New Netherland although the Swedish and Finnish settlers were allowed local autonomy. They retained their own militia, religion, court, and lands.{{cite web |url=http://www.westjerseyhistory.org/docs/upland/ |title=Upland Court |publisher=West Jersey History Project |access-date=September 20, 2010 |archive-date=April 23, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030423003914/http://www.westjerseyhistory.org/docs/upland/ |url-status=live }} This lasted until the English conquest of New Netherland in 1664 at the beginning of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. The conquest began on August 29, 1664, with the capture of New Amsterdam and ended with the capture of Fort Casimir in October.Munroe, History of Delaware, pp. 30–31

In 1669, New Sweden was under English rule, but most of the population was still Swedish. A man named Marcus Jacobsson, posing as a member of the Königsmarck family, attempted to instigate a rebellion against the English to return New Sweden to Swedish rule.{{Cite web |title=Chronology of Colonial Swedes on the Delaware 1638–1713 |url=https://colonialswedes.net/History/Chronology.html |access-date=October 13, 2022 |website=colonialswedes.net |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013111132/https://colonialswedes.net/History/Chronology.html |url-status=live }} The rebellion, known as the Revolt of the Long Swede due to Jacobsson's height, failed. Jacobsson was sold into indentured servitude in Barbados and the families that had supported him were fined for their participation in the revolt.{{Cite journal |last=Haefeli |first=Evan |date=2006 |title=The Revolt of the Long Swede: Transatlantic Hopes and Fears on the Delaware, 1669 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20093851 |journal=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography |volume=130 |issue=2 |pages=137–180 |jstor=20093851 |issn=0031-4587 |access-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013111133/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20093851 |url-status=live }}

New Sweden continued to exist unofficially, and some immigration and expansion continued. The first settlement at Wicaco began with a Swedish log blockhouse located on Society Hill in Philadelphia in 1669. It was later used as a church until about 1700, when Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church of Philadelphia was built on the site.{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/glde/index.htm |title=Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=September 20, 2010 |archive-date=April 22, 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970422094253/http://www.nps.gov/glde/ |url-status=live }}

File:Nothnagle_Log_House.JPG in Gibbstown, New Jersey, built in 1638 in New Sweden, is the oldest house in New Jersey.]]

The start of the Third Anglo-Dutch War resulted in the Dutch recapture of New Netherlands in August 1673. They restored the status which predated the English capture, and codified it in the establishment of three counties: Hoarkill County,{{cite book |title=Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York |volume=12 |pages=507–508}} New Amstel County, and Upland County, which was later partitioned between New Castle County, Delaware, and the Colony of Pennsylvania. The three counties were created on September 12, 1673, the first two on the west shore of the Delaware River and the third on both sides of the river.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

The Treaty of Westminster of 1674 ended the second period of Dutch control and required them to return all of New Netherland to the English on June 29, including the three counties which they created.Parry, Clive, ed. Consolidated Treaty Series.; Vol. 13, p. 136; Dobbs Ferry, New York, Oceana Publications, 1969–1981. After taking stock, the English declared on November 11 that settlements on the west side of the Delaware River and Delaware Bay were to be dependent on the Province of New York, including the three Counties.{{cite book |title=Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York |volume=12 |page=515}} This declaration was followed by a declaration that renamed New Amstel as New Castle. The other counties retained their Dutch names.

The next step in the assimilation of New Sweden into New York was the extension of the Duke's laws into the region on September 22, 1676.{{cite book |title=Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York |volume=12 |pages=561–563}} This was followed by the partition of some Upland Counties to conform to the borders of Pennsylvania and Delaware, with most of the Delaware portion going to New Castle County on November 12, 1678.{{cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Edward |title= Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania: Volume 119; Record of the Court at Upland, in Pennsylvania, 1676 to 1681. |year=1860 |publisher=Historical Society of Pennsylvania |location=Pennsylvania | page=198}} The remainder of Upland continued in place under the same name. On June 21, 1680, New Castle and Hoarkill Counties were partitioned to produce St. Jones County.{{cite book |title=Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York |volume=12 |pages=654, 664, 666–667}}

On March 4, 1681, what had been the colony of New Sweden was formally partitioned into the colonies of Delaware and Pennsylvania. The border was established 12 miles north of New Castle, and the northern limit of Pennsylvania was set at 42 degrees north latitude. The eastern limit was the border with New Jersey at the Delaware River, while the western limit was undefined.{{cite book |last=Armstrong |first=Edward |title= Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania: Volume 119; Record of the Court at Upland, in Pennsylvania, 1676 to 1681.|year= 1860 |publisher= Historical Society of Pennsylvania |location=Pennsylvania | page=196}} In June 1681, Upland ceased to exist as the result of the reorganization of the Colony of Pennsylvania, with the Upland government becoming the government of Chester County, Pennsylvania.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

On August 24, 1682, the Duke of York transferred the western Delaware River region to William Penn, including Delaware, thus transferring Deale County and St. Jones County from New York to Delaware. St. Jones County was renamed Kent County, Deale County was renamed Sussex County, and New Castle County retained its name.Pennsylvania Archives, 2nd series, Vol. 5: pp. 739–744.

Swedish explorer and botanist Pehr Kalm visited the descendants of the early Swedish immigrants to New Sweden in the mid-18th century and documented their experiences with the Native American Indians who resided in those parts, in a book entitled Travels into North America.Kalm (1772), p. [https://archive.org/details/travelsintonorth01kalm_3/page/345/mode/1up 345]

File:Wilmington founding stamp.JPG stamp commemorating the founding of Wilmington, Delaware, once part of New Sweden (1938)]]

File:Old swedes.jpg]]

Historian H. Arnold Barton has suggested that the greatest significance of New Sweden was the strong and lasting interest in America that the colony generated in Sweden,Barton, A Folk Divided, 5–7. although major Swedish immigration did not occur until the late 19th century. From 1870 to 1910, more than one million Swedes arrived in America, settling particularly in Minnesota and other states of the Upper Midwest.

Traces of New Sweden persist in the lower Delaware valley, including Holy Trinity Church in Wilmington, Delaware, Gloria Dei Church and St. James Kingsessing Church in Philadelphia, Trinity Episcopal Church in Swedesboro, New Jersey, and Christ Church in Swedesburg, Pennsylvania. All of those churches are commonly known as "Old Swedes' Church".Project Canterbury. Swedish Folk within Our Church (Thomas Burgess. New York: Foreign-Born Americans Division, Episcopal Diocese of New York. National Council, 1929) http://anglicanhistory.org/lutherania/swedish_folk {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418023605/http://anglicanhistory.org/lutherania/swedish_folk/ |date=April 18, 2010 }} The town of Kristina (now Christiana, Delaware), named after the Swedish queen Kristina, is one of the few settlements in the area retaining a Swedish name, and the town of Uppland survives as Upland, Pennsylvania. Swedesford Road is still found in Chester and Montgomery Counties, Pennsylvania, although Swedesford has long since become Norristown. Swedeland, Pennsylvania, is part of Upper Merion Township in Montgomery County. The American Swedish Historical Museum in South Philadelphia houses many exhibits, documents, and artifacts from the New Sweden colony.{{Cite web |url=http://www.americanswedish.org/exhibitions/galleries|title=Museum Galleries {{!}} American Swedish Historical Museum |website=www.americanswedish.org|language=en|access-date=February 7, 2018 |archive-date=October 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026055801/http://www.americanswedish.org/exhibitions/galleries |url-status=live}}

Perhaps the greatest contribution of New Sweden to the development of the New World is the log house building technique. The colonists of New Sweden brought with them the log cabin, which became such an icon of the American frontier that it is commonly thought of as an American structure.Henry C. Pitz, The Brandywine Tradition, Weathervane Books, 1968. pp. 4–5.Mary Trotter Kion, "New Sweden: The First Colony in Delaware". July 23, 2006; accessed 2010.03.10. The C. A. Nothnagle Log House on Swedesboro-Paulsboro Road in Gibbstown, New Jersey, is one of the oldest surviving log houses in the United States.{{cite web| title =Nothnagle Log Cabin, Gibbstown| work =Art and Archtitecture of New Jersey| publisher =Richard Stokton College of New Jersey| url =http://www.ettc.net/njarts/details.cfm?ID=752| access-date =May 24, 2011| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110719034523/http://www.ettc.net/njarts/details.cfm?ID=752| archive-date =July 19, 2011| df =mdy-all}}[http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM4CDW_OLDEST_Log_House_in_North_America Oldest – Log House in North America – Superlatives on] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104211/http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM4CDW_OLDEST_Log_House_in_North_America |date=March 28, 2019 }}. Waymarking.com. Retrieved on July 23, 2013. Cabin floor plans, such as the dogtrot can be traced to Finnish colonists in New Sweden, as can split-rail fences.{{cite book |last1= Jordan |first1= Terry G. |editor1-last= Hoffecker |editor1-first= Carol E. |display-editors=etal |title= New Sweden in America |date= 1995 |publisher= University of Delaware Press |location= Newark, Delaware |pages= 302–318 |chapter= The Material Cultural Legacy of New Sweden on the American Frontier |chapter-url= https://w.nc-chap.org/cranehook/pdfs/materialCulture.pdf |access-date= February 17, 2025}}

The settlers came from all over the Swedish realm. The percentage of Finns in New Sweden grew especially towards the end of the period of colonization.{{cite web|url=http://www.genealogia.org/emi/art/article393e.htm|title=genealogia.org|website=www.genealogia.org|access-date=September 20, 2010|archive-date=July 26, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726082006/http://www.genealogia.org/emi/art/article393e.htm|url-status=dead}} Finns composed 22 percent of the population during Swedish rule, and rose to about 50 percent after the colony came under Dutch rule.{{cite web | last = Wedin | first = Maud | title = Highlights of Research in Scandinavia on Forest Finns | publisher = American-Swedish Organization | date = October 2012 | url = http://www.americanswedish.org/Highlights%20of%20Research%20on%20Forest%20Finns.pdf | access-date = November 7, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140810072220/http://www.americanswedish.org/Highlights%20of%20Research%20on%20Forest%20Finns.pdf | archive-date = August 10, 2014 | url-status = dead }} A contingent of 140 Finns arrived in 1664. The ship Mercurius sailed to the colony in 1665, and 92 of the 106 passengers were listed as Finns. Memory of the early Finnish settlement lived on in place names near the Delaware River such as Finland (Marcus Hook), Torne, Lapland, Finns Point, Mullica Hill, and Mullica River.{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/FinnsAmer/finchro.html |last=Spiegel |first=Taru |title=The Finns in America |work=European Reading Room |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=August 26, 2010 |archive-date=September 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918022332/https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/FinnsAmer/finchro.html |url-status=live }}

A portion of these Finns were known as Forest Finns, people of Finnish descent who had been living in the forest areas of Central Sweden. The Forest Finns had moved from Savonia in Eastern Finland to Dalarna, Bergslagen and other provinces in central Sweden during the late-16th to mid-17th century. Their relocation had started as part of an effort by Swedish King Gustav Vasa to expand agriculture to these uninhabited parts of the country. Encouraging Forest Finns to move from Savonia to uninhabited forested areas in Sweden, especially Värmland and neighboring provinces, became Crown policy during the reigns of Charles IX of Sweden and Gustavus Adolphus. Most of the migration occurred between 1600 and 1620. Over 10,000 Finns moved to central Sweden during this time. The areas where they settled were called Finnskogen ("Finn forests") in Swedish. These formed an almost continuous belt from Ångermanland and Jämtland to the lake area of central Sweden, especially Värmland.{{cite book |last1= Pentikäinen |first1= Juha |editor1-last= Hoffecker |editor1-first= Carol E. |display-editors=etal |title= New Sweden in America |date= 1995 |publisher= University of Delaware Press |location= Newark, Delaware |pages= 291–301 |chapter= The Forest Finns as Transmitters of Finnish Culture From Savo Via Central Scandinavia to Delaware |chapter-url= https://nc-chap.org/cranehook/pdfs/forestFinns.pdf |access-date= February 17, 2025}} The Finns in Savonia traditionally farmed with a slash-and-burn method{{cite web |url=http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=33 |title=Finland monument at Concord Avenue in Chester, Pennsylvania |work=Historical Markers |publisher=ExplorePAhistory.com |access-date=August 26, 2010 |archive-date=March 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313051536/http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerid=33 |url-status=live }} which was also used by the local Indigenous Lenape Indians.Robert S. Grumet, The Lenapes, Chelsea House Publishers: New York & Philadelphia, 1989, p. 18: "Lenapes... planted crops... in garden clearings hacked from the forest... Fallen trees and brush were gathered together or burned where they lay. Crops were then planted in the ash-enriched ground"

File:Nya Sverige.svg

• Fort Christina (1638) – at the Brandywine Creek and Christina River in Wilmington, Delaware, later renamed Fort Altena (1655){{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Amandus |title=The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware, 1638-1664 |volume=1 |date=1911 |url=https://archive.org/details/swedishsettlem01john |publisher=Dutch Colonial Society |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania}}
• Fort Mecoponacka (1641) – in Chester, near Finlandia or Upland in Delaware County, PennsylvaniaNarratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware 1630–1707 (ed. Albert Cook Myers. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1912) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6006508] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626004557/https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6006508|date=June 26, 2012}}
• Fort Nya Elfsborg (1643) – between present-day Salem Creek and Alloway Creek near Bridgeport, New JerseyThe Swedes and Finns in New Jersey (Federal Writers' Project of WPA. Bayonne, New Jersey: Jersey Printing Company, Inc. 1938)
• Fort Nya Gothenborg (1643) – on Tinicum Island near the site of The Printzhof in Essington, Delaware County, PennsylvaniaHistory of Delaware County, Pennsylvania, by Henry Graham Ashmead. Philadelphia: L. H. Everts & Co. 1884 {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20010507072348/http://www.delcohistory.org/ashmead/ashmead_pg277.htm]}}
• Fort Nya Vasa (1646) – at Kingsessing, on the eastern-side of Cobbs Creek in PhiladelphiaKingsessing: Swedish Settlement to Urban Blight, Elizabeth D. Day, University Archives and Records Center. University of Pennsylvania, October 10, 2005) [http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/upwphil/day_kingsessing.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616055847/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/upwphil/day_kingsessing.pdf|date=June 16, 2016}}
• Fort Nya Korsholm (1647) – on the Schuylkill River near the South River in PhiladelphiaHistory of Delaware County, Pennsylvania, Henry Graham Ashmead. Philadelphia: L. H. Everts & Co. 1884 {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081203194551/http://www.delcohistory.org/ashmead/ashmead_pg278.htm]}}
• Fort Casimir (1654) – also known as Fort Trinity (in Swedish, Trefaldigheten), located at the end of Chestnut Street near Harmony & 2nd streets in New Castle, Delaware.{{Cite web |url=http://archives.delaware.gov/markers/ncc/SITE%20OF%20FORT%20CASIMER%20NC-23.shtml |work=Delaware Public Archives |title=Site of Fort Casimir |publisher=State of Delaware |access-date=September 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821215815/http://archives.delaware.gov/markers/ncc/SITE%20OF%20FORT%20CASIMER%20NC-23.shtml |archive-date=August 21, 2010 }}

File: Campanius Catechism in Lenape.jpg translated into local Native American languages by Swede Johannes Campanius (from 1696).]]

• Christina (1638 and 1641; modern Wilmington, Delaware){{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Amandus |title=The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware, 1638–1664 |volume=2 |date=1911 |url=https://archive.org/details/swedishsettlem02john |publisher=Dutch Colonial Society |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |page=496}}
• Finland, Finlandia, or Chamassungh (1641 and 1643; modern Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania)
• Upland or Uppland (1641 and 1643; modern Chester, Pennsylvania)
• Varkens Kill (1641; modern Salem County, New Jersey){{cite book | last = Chandler | first = Alfred N. | title = Land Title Origins: A Tale of Force and Fraud | page = 242 | publisher = Beard Books | orig-year = 1945 | year = 2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tzk0kzg9LioC&q=Land+Title+Origins%3A+A+Tale+of+Force+and+Fraud+New+Englanders+on+the+Delaware&pg=PA242 | isbn = 1-893122-89-1 | access-date = October 19, 2020 | archive-date = April 13, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230413030511/https://books.google.com/books?id=tzk0kzg9LioC&q=Land+Title+Origins%3A+A+Tale+of+Force+and+Fraud+New+Englanders+on+the+Delaware&pg=PA242 | url-status = live }}{{cite book | last = Sheridan | first = Janet L. | title = "Their houses are some Built of timber": The colonial timber frame houses of Fenwick's Colony, New Jersey | publisher = University of Michigan |location=Ann Arbor | pages = 182 | year = 2007 | isbn = 9780549186526 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X5Ugae1GbMwC&q=New+Haven+Varkenskill&pg=PA48 | access-date = July 24, 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite book | last1 = Howe | first1 = Henry | author-link = Henry Howe | last2 = Barber | first2 = John W. | author2-link = John Warner Barber | title = Historical Collections of the State of New Jersey |chapter=Salem County | place = New York | publisher = S. Tuttle | year = 1844 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FkMVAAAAYAAJ | quote = In 1641, some English families, (probably emigrants from New Haven, Conn.,) embracing about 60 persons, settled on Ferken's creek (now Salem.) About this period, the Swedes bought of the Indians the whole district from Cape May to Raccoon creek; and, in order to unite these English with the Swedes, the Swedish governor, Printz, who arrived from Sweden the year after, (1642,) was to 'act kindly and faithfully toward them; and as these English expected soon, by further arrivals, to increase their numbers to several hundreds, and seemed also willing to be subjects of the Swedish government, he was to receive them under allegiance, though not without endeavoring to effect their removal.' | access-date = November 12, 2015 | archive-date = April 13, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230413030657/https://books.google.com/books?id=FkMVAAAAYAAJ | url-status = live |page=433 }}
• Printztorp (1643; modern Chester, Pennsylvania)
• Tequirassy (1643; modern Eddystone, Pennsylvania)
• Tenakonk or Tinicum (1643; modern Tinicum Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania)
• Provins, Druweeÿland, or Manaiping (1643; modern southwest Philadelphia, on Province Island on the Schuylkill River)
• Minquas or Minqua's Island (1644; modern southwest Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
• Kingsessing (1644; modern southwest Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
• Mölndal (1645; modern Yeadon, Pennsylvania)
• Torne (1647; modern West Philadelphia)
• Sveaborg{{cite web|url= http://www.colonialswedes.org/Churches/TriEpi.html|publisher= The Swedish Colonial Society|title= Trinity Episcopal Church|first=Kim-Eric|last= Williams|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080115062246/http://www.colonialswedes.org/Churches/TriEpi.html|archive-date= January 15, 2008|df= mdy-all}}{{cite web|url= http://trinityswedesboro.org/History/History1.htm|title= History: Early Settlement|publisher= Trinity Episcopal "Old Swedes" Church|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080905160333/http://trinityswedesboro.org/History/History1.htm|archive-date= September 5, 2008|df= mdy-all}} (c. 1649; modern Swedesboro, New Jersey)
• Nya Stockholm (c. 1649; modern Bridgeport, New Jersey)
• Sidoland (1654; modern Wilmington, Delaware)
• Översidolandet (1654; modern Wilmington, Delaware)
• Timmerön or Timber Island (1654; modern Wilmington)
• Strandviken (1654; modern Wilmington)
• Ammansland (1654; modern Darby, Pennsylvania)

• Delaware River: "South River" (Södre Rivier; as opposed to the Hudson), "Swedish River" (Swenskes Rivier), "New Sweden River" (Nya Sweriges Rivier)
• Schuylkill River: "Schuyl Creek" (Schuylen Kÿl) meaning hidden river
• Brandywine Creek: "Fish Creek" (Fiske Kÿl)
• Christina River: "Susquehanna" (Minquas) or "Christina Creek" (Christina Kÿl)
• Raccoon Creek: "Narraticon" (Lenape) meaning Raccoon{{cite news | last = Roncace | first = Kelly | title = What's in a Name? Raccoon Creek | newspaper = South Jersey Times | date = May 14, 2012 | url = http://www.nj.com/gloucester-county/towns/index.ssf/2012/05/whats_in_a_name_raccoon_creek.html | access-date = July 22, 2013 | archive-date = November 6, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181106145805/https://www.nj.com/gloucester-county/towns/index.ssf/2012/05/whats_in_a_name_raccoon_creek.html | url-status = live }}
• Salem River: Varkens Kill (Hogg Creek)
• Mullica River, named for early Swedish settler (with Finnish ancestry), Eric Pålsson Mullica

{{Portal|Philadelphia|Delaware}}

{{div col}}

• American Swedish Historical Museum
• C. A. Nothnagle Log House
• European colonization of the Americas
• Finnish American
• Flag of Philadelphia
• Kalmar Nyckel
• Laurentius Carels, Swedish American Lutheran pastor
• Lower Swedish Cabin
• New Sweden Farmstead Museum
• Olof Persson Stille, first chief justice of the Upland Court
• Possessions of Sweden
• Rambo apple
• Swedish American
• Swedish emigration to North America
• Old Swedes' Church
• Upland Court
• Wedge (border)

{{div col end}}

{{Clear}}

{{Reflist}}

• Barton, H. Arnold (1994). A Folk Divided: Homeland Swedes and Swedish Americans, 1840–1940. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis
• Benson, Adolph B. and Naboth Hedin, eds. (1938) Swedes in America, 1638–1938. The Swedish American Tercentenary Association. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press {{ISBN|978-0-8383-0326-9}}
• {{cite book |last1=Jennings |first1=Francis |title=The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire |date=1984 |publisher=Norton |location=New York, New York |isbn=0-393-01719-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/ambiguousiroquoi0000jenn}}
• Johnson, Amandus (1927) The Swedes on the Delaware. Philadelphia: International Printing Company
• {{cite book|last=Kalm|first=Pehr|author-link=Pehr Kalm|title=Travels into North America: containing its natural history, and a circumstantial account of its plantations and agriculture in general, with the civil, ecclesiastical and commercial state of the country, the manners of the inhabitants, and several curious and important remarks on various subjects |publisher=T. Lowndes |year=1772|location=London|translator=Johann Reinhold Forster |url=https://archive.org/details/travelsintonorth01kalm_3/page/n6/mode/1up |language=en|oclc=1083889360 |isbn=9780665515002 }}
• Munroe, John A. (1977) Colonial Delaware. Wilmington, Delaware: Delaware Heritage Press
• Shorto, Russell (2004) The Island at the Center of the World. New York: Doubleday {{ISBN|0-385-50349-0}}
• Weslager, C. A. (1990) A Man and his Ship, Peter Minuet and the Kalmar Nyckel. Wilmington, Delaware: Kalmar Nyckel Foundation {{ISBN|0-9625563-1-9}}
• Weslager, C. A. (1988) New Sweden on the Delaware 1638–1655. Wilmington, Delaware: Middle Atlantic Press {{ISBN|0-912608-65-X}}
• Weslager, C. A. (1987) The Swedes and Dutch at New Castle. Wilmington, Delaware: Middle Atlantic Press {{ISBN|0-912608-50-1}}

• Jameson, J. Franklin (1887) Willem Usselinx: Founder of the Dutch and Swedish West India Companies. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
• Mickley, Joseph J. (1881) Some Account of William Usselinx and Peter Minuit: Two individuals who were instrumental in establishing the first permanent colony in Delaware. The Historical Society of Delaware.
• Myers, Albert Cook, ed. (1912). Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey, and Delaware, 1630–1707. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
• Ward, Christopher (1930) Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware, 1609–1664. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press

{{commons category|New Sweden}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080409063523/http://www.komitea.com/The%20Finns%20in%20American%20Colonial%20History.pdf The Finns in American Colonial History]
• [http://www.americanswedish.org/ The American Swedish Historical Museum]
• [http://www.colonialswedes.org/History/History.html A Brief History of New Sweden in America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211144259/http://www.colonialswedes.org/History/History.html |date=December 11, 2005 }}, at [http://www.colonialswedes.org/ The Swedish Colonial Society]
• [http://www.colonialnewsweden.org The New Sweden Centre – museum, tours and reenactors]
• [http://wiki.familysearch.org/en/New_Sweden New Sweden] at the FamilySearch Research Wiki
• [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nycoloni/nswamap.html Johnson's detailed map of New Sweden]
• [http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/exhibits/sweden.htm 350th Anniversary of the Landing of the Swedes and Finns in Delaware]

{{Swedish colonies}}

{{European Colonization of North America}}

{{Thirteen Colonies}}

{{Authority control}}

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Category:1638 establishments in North America

Category:1638 establishments in the Swedish colonial empire

Category:1655 disestablishments in North America

Category:1655 disestablishments in the Swedish colonial empire

Category:17th century in Sweden

Category:Colonial settlements in North America

Category:Colonization history of the United States

Category:Economic history of Sweden

Category:European colonization of North America

Category:Finnish-American history

Category:Former colonies in North America

Category:Former Swedish colonies

Category:History of Philadelphia

Category:States and territories disestablished in 1655

Category:States and territories established in 1638

Category:Swedish-American history

Category:Wilmington, Delaware