Ngangam language
{{Short description|Gur language spoken in Togo and Benin}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Ngangam
|nativename={{lang|gng|Gangam}}
|speakers={{sigfig|234,400|1}}
|date=2012–2021
|ref=e26
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|fam2=Atlantic–Congo
|fam3=Gur
|fam4=Northern
|fam5=Oti–Volta
|fam6=Gurma
|minority={{flag|Benin}}
|iso3=gng
|glotto=ngan1299
|glottorefname=Ngangam
}}
Ngangam or Dye{{sfn|Reimer|2022|p=iii}} ({{lang|gng|Gangam}}) is a language of the Gurma people spoken in Togo and Benin.
Phonology
=Consonants=
| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Consonants{{sfn|Reimer|2022|p=2}} ! colspan=2| !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Labial- | |
| rowspan=2|Plosive/Affricate | voiceless
| {{IPAlink|p}} || {{IPAlink|t}} || {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} || {{IPAlink|k}} || {{IPAlink|kp}} || ({{IPAlink|ʔ}}) |
|---|---|
| voiced
| {{IPAlink|b}} || {{IPAlink|d}} || {{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}} || {{IPAlink|g}} || {{IPAlink|gb}} || | |
| colspan=2|Nasal
| {{IPAlink|m}} || {{IPAlink|n}} || {{IPAlink|ɲ}} || {{IPAlink|ŋ}} || {{IPAlink|ŋm}} || | |
| colspan=2|Fricative
| {{IPAlink|f}} || {{IPAlink|s}} || || || || ({{IPAlink|h}}) | |
| colspan=2|Approximant
| || {{IPAlink|l}} || {{IPAlink|j}} || || {{IPAlink|w}} || |
- Reimer uses {{angbr|c, ɟ, y}} in place of {{IPA|/t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, j/}}.{{sfn|Reimer|2022|p=3}}
- {{IPA|/p, b, t, d, k/}} are usually aspirated before close vowels.{{sfn|Reimer|2022|p=157}}
=Vowels=
| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Vowels{{sfn|Reimer|2022|p=1}} |
| Close
| {{IPAlink|i}} || {{IPAlink|u}} |
|---|
| Close-mid
| {{IPAlink|e}} || {{IPAlink|o}} |
| Open-mid
| {{IPAlink|ɛ}} || {{IPAlink|ɔ}} |
| Open
| {{IPAlink|a}} || |
- Ngangam has three vowel lengths{{emdash}}short, long weak, and long strong. The long weak vowels shorten in some cases, while the long strong vowels are always realized as long.{{sfn|Reimer|2022|p=1}}
=Tones=
Ngangam has three phonemic tones: high, mid, and low.{{sfn|Reimer|2022|p=3}}
Notes
{{Reflist}}
References
- {{Cite book |last=Reimer |first=A. Jeanette |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/94779 |title=The Segmental Phonology and Tonology of Dye (Gangam) and its Verb Classification System |publisher=SIL International |year=2022 |series=SIL e-Books |volume=80 |issn=1934-2470 |access-date=2024-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903050302/https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/94779 |archive-date=2024-09-03 |url-status=live}}
Further reading
- {{cite book |last=Bakpa |first=Mimboabe |year=2014 |title=Etude du ngbem, parler gangam de Koumongou: Description et analyse comparative |series=Beiträge zur Afrikaforschung |volume=54 |location=Münster |publisher=LIT |lang=fr |isbn=9783643122612}}
- {{Cite book |last=Higdon |first=Lee M. |title=An overview of Gangam grammar |publisher=SIL Togo |year=2001 |isbn=9782951361621 |location=Lomé |oclc=63129036}}
- {{cite journal |last=Higdon |first=Lee M. |year=1998 |title=The line of importance in Gangam narrative discourse |journal=Cahiers Voltaïques / Gur Papers |volume=3 |pages=45–53}}
- {{cite thesis |last=Higdon |first=Lee M. |year=1996 |title=Tense, aspect, and modality in Gangam narrative and hortatory discourse. |publisher=University of Texas |location=Arlington, TX |degree=MA}}
- {{cite book |last=Reimer |first=A. Jeanette |year=1983 |chapter=Etude préliminaire sur le système des genres nominaux en gangam |editor-last=Nicole |editor-first=Jacques |title=Etudes linguistiques préliminaires en quelques langues du Togo |pages=81–97 |location=Lomé, Togo |publisher=SIL International}}
{{Languages of Benin}}
{{Languages of Togo}}
{{Gur languages}}
{{gur-lang-stub}}