Nicolai Anders von Hartwiss
{{Infobox person
|name = Nicolai Anhorn von Hartwiss
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|birth_date = 24 May 1793
|birth_place = Kokenhof, Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire
|death_date = 6 December 1860
|death_place = Artek, Crimea
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|nationality = Russian
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|education = University of Dorpat (= Tartu)
|employer = Nikita Imperial Botanic Garden, Yalta, Crimea
|occupation = botanist and plant breeder
|title = Director of the Botanic Garden
|height =
|term = 1827–1860
|predecessor = H.H. Steven
|successor =
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|spouse = Elizabeth Feodorovna Baroness von Rosen
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|children =
|parents = Heinrich Ernst Anhorn von Hartwiss of Livonia and Christiane Anhorn von Hartwiss (his first cousin)
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}}
Nicolai Anhorn von Hartwiss (Николай Андерс фон, де Гартвис, Николай Андреевич; was a Livonian-born, Baltic German, Russian botanist, plant explorer and plant breeder. His education at the university in Dorpat (Livonia) was interrupted by the Napoleonic Wars 1812–1818 when he served in the Russian army. Afterwards he worked on his father's estate and by 1824 was living in Riga and had a collection of 500 varieties of fruit trees and roses. He was then appointed to the Russian Imperial Botanical Garden at Nikita where he served as a director for the rest of his career. He is remembered for his plant collection explorations of Georgia and the Crimea, and for the breeding of roses.
Life
Von Hartwiss was born Ritter (esquire) Nikolaus Ernst Bartholomäus Anhorn von Hartwiss, Hartwiß in 1793 at his father's estate at Kokenhof near Wolmar, Livonia (now Valmiera, Latvia).{{cite journal|last=Galichenko|first=Anna Abramovna|title=The Correspondence of N. Hartwiss with M.S. Vorontsov|journal=Nobility in the History of the Russian State: Proceedings of the Third Vorontsov Lectures|place=Simferopol|year=2001|url=http://www.kajuta.net/node/1326|accessdate=25 April 2012|language=Russian}} The family Anhorn von Hartwiss (double name) comes from Switzerland. His grandfather Silvester Samuel (1708–1782) descended from Swiss Protestant pastors and emigrated to Russia. His father, Heinrich Ernst was a registered member of the Livonian nobility (reg. 1769). He married his first cousin Christina Louisa. Nikolaus was their tenth child.{{cite journal|last=Galichenko|first=Anna Abramovna|title=Nicholas Hartwiss and the rose collection of the Imperial Botanic Garden at Nikita|journal=Bulletin of the State Botanic Garden Nikita|year=2001|url=http://www.kajuta.net/node/2114|volume=83|place=Yalta|accessdate=25 April 2012|language=Russian}}{{cite journal|last=Klimenko|first=Zinaida Konstantinovna|title=Nikolai Andreyevich Hartwiss, second director of the Nikita Botanic Garden|journal=Bulletin of the Nikita State Botanic Garden|year=2006|volume=92|place=Yalta|url=http://kajuta.net/node/2116|accessdate=25 April 2012|language=Russian|display-authors=etal}} By that time Livonia (roughly present day Latvia and the southern part of Estonia) had been absorbed (under the Governorate of Livonia) into the Russian Empire, but the nobility still retained its ancient Baltic German forms and spoke Low German.{{cite book|last=Christiansen|first=Eric|title=The Northern Crusades|year=1997|publisher=Penguin|location=London|isbn=0140266534|page=[https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/92 92]|edition=New|url=https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/92}}{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|title=Vanished kingdoms : the history of half-forgotten Europe|year=2011|publisher=Allen Lane|location=London|isbn=978-1-846-14338-0}} Especially the chapter "Litva".
Nikolaus was educated at German-speaking Dorpat (now Tartu) university (1809-1812), where his studies were interrupted by Napoleonic wars.{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Benedict|title=Imagined communities : reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism|date=1996|publisher=Verso|location=London [u.a.]|isbn=0860915468|page=[https://archive.org/details/imaginedcommunit00ande_0/page/87 87]|edition=Rev. ed., 7. impr.|url=https://archive.org/details/imaginedcommunit00ande_0|url-access=registration}}
He was an officer of the Russian Army in the Napoleonic Wars 1812–1818, discharged with wounds. This implies that he was (and remained) a subject of the Tsar, not in any sense a Russian citizen.
Von Hartwiss at one time gained practical gardening experience laying out fields of flowers, fruit trees and both exotic and domestic trees on his father's estate. In 1819–1824 he lived in Riga, gardening and fruit growing, with a collection of 500 varieties of fruit trees and roses.
In 1824 he was appointed by Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov, governor-general of New Russia, to the Russian Imperial Botanical Garden at Nikita in Yalta on the south coast of the Crimea. In 1827 he became its second director, which he remained until he died. He extended the Garden's collection of plant varieties from more than a thousand to about three thousand, including the largest collection of fruit varieties in Europe.
From Nikita he organised plant hunting expeditions into the surrounding territories, especially the Crimea and Abkhazia in the Caucasus.
He and his first wife, Elizabeth Feodorovna Baroness von Rosen, had a 500-acre estate{{cite news|last1=McFarquar|first1=Neil|title=To Many in Crimea, Corruption Seems No Less at Home Under Russian Rule|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/14/world/europe/in-crimea-a-disputed-beach-is-a-symbol-of-corruption.html?_r=0|accessdate=24 August 2015|newspaper=New York Times|date=13 August 2015}} called Artek near Bear Mountain (Ayu-Dag) in the Crimea.{{cite journal|last=Arbatskaya|first=Yu. and K. Vikhlyaeva|title=Rosa 'Alupka'. The detective on the botanical trail.|year=2011|url=http://kajuta.net/node/2710|accessdate=25 April 2012|language=Russian}} After the death of his first wife in 1855 he married a young girl from Riga in Simferopol on 2 Feb. 1858, Leontine Werther, who died at the end of the same year giving birth to a daughter.{{cite journal|last=Arbatskaya|first=Yu.|title=Sad Ghost: the Hartwiss Park in Artek|year=2012|url=http://kajuta.net/node/2594|accessdate=25 April 2012|language=Russian}}
Exploration
File:Quercus hartwissiana 2.jpg
Von Hartwiss collected plants in Georgia and the Crimea. Some species were named by him, some named after him. "Three long expeditions [were made] to the Caucasus in search of new ornamental plants for the Crimea … Caucasian fir, spruce, … Caucasian basswood, rhododendrons, azaleas and other flowering shrubs."
=Eponyms=
- (Boraginaceae) Cordia hartwissiana RegelGartenfl. (1857) 342. (IK)
- (Cupressaceae) Juniperus hartwissiana Steven ex KoeppenUeb. Pfl. Acclimat. in Russl. 6. (IK)
- Strandzha oak{{cite web|title=Stranzhda Natural Park|url=http://www.casadomingo.info/trips_park_en.html|accessdate=30 April 2013}} (Fagaceae) Quercus hartwissiana StevenBull. Soc. Imp. Naturalistes Moscou xxx. (1857) I. 387. (IK){{cite web|title=Quercus hartwissiana|url=http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Quercus_hartwissiana|accessdate=30 April 2013}}
- (Paeoniaceae) Paeonia hartwissiana hort. ex Trautv.Trudy Imp. S.-Peterburgsk. Bot. Sada viii. (1883) 61, nomen. (IK)
{{botanist|Hartwiss|Hartwiss}}
Plant breeding
File:Alupka.jpg in Alupka, Crimea (1828-46)]]
Von Hartwiss imported many plants for the Botanic Garden, including roses. In 1827 he began to breed roses. These were partly for the Garden itself, but also for the Alupka Palace of Count (later Prince) Michael Vorontsov. Some thirty of his roses were sold from the Alupka Palace nursery.{{cite journal|last=Galichenko|first=Anna Abramovna|title=Inhaling the scent of Roses|journal=World of Estate Culture. Eighth Crimean International Scientific Readings|url=http://kajuta.net/node/1266|accessdate=25 April 2012|language=Russian}} No date.
=Roses bred=
Von Hartwiss bred more than 100 varieties of roses at the Nikita Garden. Two are still growing at the Alupka Palace: 'Comtesse Elizabeth Woronzof' 1829 and 'Belle de Nikita' 1829. There may also be his rose 'Mignonette d'Alupka' 1829, thought by some to be the rose imported into France and sold as 'Maréchal Niel'.{{cite journal|last=Arbatskaya|first=Yu.|title=Old roses on the south coast of Crimea|date=c. 2011|url=http://kajuta.net/node/2624|accessdate=25 April 2012|language=Russian}} Hartwiss's hand-written 1834 catalogue of roses at Nikita lists scores of roses bred there identified only by description. The Crimean Rose Society – including roses bred after 1834 – lists 127 named varieties.{{cite web|title=Heritage Roses in Crimea (Ukraine)|url=http://roses-crimea.com/|publisher=Association Rose Amateurs of Crimea|accessdate=10 January 2014}}
==Sortable selection of Hartwiss-bred roses ==
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.helpmefind.com/gardening/l.php?l=7.22639 Help Me Find Roses entry on von Hartwiss]
- (Russian and English) {{cite web|title=Heritage Roses in Crimea (Ukraine)|url=http://roses-crimea.com/|publisher=Crimean Rose Society|accessdate=10 January 2014}}
{{Horticulture and Gardening}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hartwiss, Nikolai Andreyevich Von}}
Category:People from Valmiera Municipality
Category:People from Valmiera county
Category:Baltic-German people from the Russian Empire
Category:Agronomists from the Russian Empire
Category:Botanists with author abbreviations
Category:19th-century botanists from the Russian Empire