Nile blue

Nile blue is a fluorescent dye. The fluorescence shows especially in nonpolar solvents with a high quantum yield.{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.tet.2006.08.056|url=http://www.chem.tamu.edu/cfi/Publications/221.pdf|title=Benzophenoxazine-based fluorescent dyes for labeling biomolecules|year=2006|last1=Jose|first1=Jiney|last2=Burgess|first2=Kevin|journal=Tetrahedron|volume=62|pages=11021|issue=48}}

The absorption and emission maxima of Nile blue are strongly dependent on pH and the solvents used:

The duration of Nile blue fluorescence in ethanol was measured as 1.42 ns. This is shorter than the corresponding value of Nile red with 3.65 ns. The fluorescence duration is independent on dilution in the range 10⁻³ to 10⁻⁸ mol/L.

Nile blue is used for histological staining of biological preparations. It highlights the distinction between neutral lipids (triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, steroids) which are stained pink and acids (fatty acids, chromolipids, phospholipids) which are stained blue.[http://gripsdb.dimdi.de/rochelexikon/ro25000/r27033.html Roche Lexikon, accessed 25 June 2007].

The Nile blue staining, according to Kleeberg, uses the following chemicals:

• Nile Blue A
• 1% acetic acid
• Glycerol or glycerol gelatin

The sample or frozen sections is/are fixated in formaldehyde, then immersed for 20 minutes in the Nile blue solution or 30 sec in nile blue A (1% w/v in distilled water) and rinsed with water. For better differentiation, it is dipped in 1% acetic acid for 10–20 minutes or 30 sec until the colors are pure. This might take only 1–2 minutes. Then the sample is thoroughly rinsed in water (for one to two hours). Afterwards, the stained specimen is taken on a microscope slide and excess water is removed. The sample can be embedded in glycerol or glycerol gelatin.

Unsaturated glycerides are pink, nuclei and elastins are dark, fatty acids and various fatty substances and fat mixtures are purple blue.Benno Romeis, Mikroskopische Technik, 15. Aufl., R. Oldenbourg Verlag, München, 1948

The PHB granules in the cells of Pseudomonas solanacearum can be visualized by Nile blue A staining. The PHB granules in the stained smears are observed with an epifluorescence microscope under oil immersion, at a 1000 times magnification; under 450 nm excitation wavelength they show a strong orange fluorescence.[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31997D0647:DE:NOT 97/647/EG: Entscheidung der EU-Kommission vom 9. September 1997 über ein vorläufiges Versuchsprogramm für Diagnose, Nachweis und Identifizierung von Pseudomonas solanacearum (Smith) Smith in Kartoffeln, accessed 27 June 2007].

Nile blue is also used in a variety of commercial DNA staining formulations used for DNA electrophoresis.[http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/ncbe/PROTOCOLS/DNA/PDF/DNA14.pdf PDF DNA staining protocol for schools, University of Reading] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304065032/http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/ncbe/PROTOCOLS/DNA/PDF/DNA14.pdf |date=2012-03-04 }} As it does not require UV trans-illumination in order to be visualised in an agarose gel as with ethidium bromide, it can be used to observe DNA as it is separated and also as a dye to aid in gel-extraction of DNA fragments without incurring damage by UV-irradiation.

Derivatives of Nile blue are potential photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy of malignant tumors. These dyes aggregate in the tumor cells, especially in the lipid membranes, and/or are sequestered and concentrated in subcellular organelles.{{cite journal|pmid=2021950|year=1991|last1=Lin|first1=CW|last2=Shulok|first2=JR|last3=Kirley|first3=SD|last4=Cincotta|first4=L|last5=Foley|first5=JW|title=Lysosomal localization and mechanism of uptake of Nile blue photosensitizers in tumor cells|volume=51|issue=10|pages=2710–9|journal=Cancer Research}}

With the Nile blue derivative N-ethyl-Nile blue (EtNBA), normal and premalignant tissues in animal experiments can be distinguished by fluorescence spectroscopy in fluorescence imaging. EtNBA shows no phototoxic effects.{{cite journal|doi=10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0032:FIASOE>2.0.CO;2|pmid=11202363|year=2001|last1=Van Staveren|first1=HJ|last2=Speelman|first2=OC|last3=Witjes|first3=MJ|last4=Cincotta|first4=L|last5=Star|first5=WM|title=Fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy of ethyl nile blue a in animal models of (pre)malignancies|volume=73|issue=1|pages=32–8|journal=Photochemistry and Photobiology|s2cid=198157623 }}

Nile Blue and related naphthoxazinium dyes can be prepared by acid-catalyzed condensation of either 5-(dialkylamino)-2-nitrosophenols with 1-naphthylamine, 3-(dialkylamino)phenols with N-alkylated 4-nitroso-1-naphtylamines, or N,N-dialkyl-1,4-phenylenediamines with 4-(dialkylamino)-1,2-naphthoquinones. Alternatively, the product of an acid-catalyzed condensation of 4-nitroso-N,N-dialkylaniline with 2-naphthol (a salt of 9-(dialkylamino)benzo[a]phenoxazin-7-ium) can be oxidized in the presence of an amine, installing a second amino substituent in 5-position of the benzo[a]phenoxazinium system.{{cite journal |author1=Kanitz, Andreas |author2=Hartmann, Horst |title=Preparation and Characterization of Bridged Naphthoxazinium Salts |journal=European Journal of Organic Chemistry |volume=1999 |issue=4 |pages=923–930 |year=1999 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-0690(199904)1999:4<923::AID-EJOC923>3.0.CO;2-N }} The following scheme illustrates the first of these four approaches, leading to Nile Blue perchlorate:

Image:Nile Blue perchlorate synthesis.png

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Category:Oxazine dyes

Category:Vital stains

Category:Diethylamino compounds