Nixon White House tapes#"Smoking Gun" tape

Just prior to assuming office in January 1969, Nixon learned that his predecessor, Lyndon B. Johnson, had installed a system to record his meetings and telephone calls. According to his Chief of Staff H. R. Haldeman, Nixon ordered the system removed, but during the first two years of his presidency he came to the conclusion (after trying other means) that audio recordings were the only way to ensure a full and faithful account of conversations and decisions. At Nixon's request, Haldeman and his staff—including Deputy Assistant Alexander Butterfield—worked with the United States Secret Service to install a recording system.

On February 16, 1971, a taping system was installed in two rooms in the White House, the Oval Office and the Cabinet Room. Three months later, microphones were added to Nixon's private office in the Old Executive Office Building and the following year microphones were installed in the presidential lodge at Camp David.{{cite web|url=http://nixon.archives.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/learn/history.php|title=History of the White House Tapes|access-date=February 14, 2012|publisher=Richard Nixon Presidential Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015061225/http://nixon.archives.gov/forresearchers/find/tapes/learn/history.php|archive-date=October 15, 2011|url-status=dead}} The system was installed and monitored by the Secret Service, and the tapes were stored in a room in the White House basement. Significant phone lines were tapped as well, including those in the Oval Office, Old Executive Office Building and the Lincoln Sitting Room, which was Nixon's favorite room in the White House. Telephone conversations were recorded by tapping the telephone lines from the White House switchboard and relaying the conversations to recorders in a closet in the basement of the residence. All audio equipment was sound-activated, except in the Cabinet Room. All locations in the White House were activated by the Executive Protective Service's "First Family Locator" system: when an officer notified the system that the president was in the Oval Office, the taping machinery switched on, ready to record when triggered by sound.{{cite web|url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB95/|title=The Nixon Tapes: Secret Recordings from the White House|last1=Doyle|first1=Kate|last2=Sodano|first2=Ron|last3=Rushay|first3=Sam|date=August 18, 2003|publisher=The National Security Archive|access-date=May 14, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805111534/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB95/|url-status=live}}

By design, only very few individuals (apart from Nixon and Haldeman) knew of the existence of the taping system: Butterfield, Haldeman's assistant Lawrence Higby, and the Secret Service technicians who had installed it. The recordings were produced on as many as nine Sony TC-800B machines using very thin 0.5 mil (12.7 μm) tape at the slow speed of {{convert|15/16|in|mm}} per second.

The tapes contain about 3,700 hours of conversation.{{Cite web |title=About Nixon's Secret White House Tapes |url=https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/secret-white-house-tapes/about-nixons-secret-white-house-tapes |access-date=December 14, 2023 |website=Miller Center, University of Virginia|date=February 2, 2017 }}{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1994/04/26/nixon-lawyer-balks-at-releasing-tapes/|title=Nixon Lawyer Balks At Releasing Tapes|access-date=February 14, 2012|date=April 26, 1994|work=The Chicago Tribune|archive-date=August 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812101726/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-04-26/news/9404260236_1_watergate-office-building-scholars-or-journalists-national-archives|url-status=live}} Hundreds of hours are of discussions on foreign policy, including planning for the 1972 visit to China and subsequent visit to the Soviet Union. Only 200 of the 3,500 hours contain references to Watergate and less than 5% of the recorded material has been transcribed or published.{{cite magazine|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/07/the-untapped-wealth-of-secrets-in-the-nixon-tapes/374868/|title=The Untapped Secrets of the Nixon Tapes|magazine=The Atlantic|author=Evan Thomas|date=July 29, 2014|access-date=September 10, 2014}}

{{Watergate|Events}}

The existence of the White House taping system was first confirmed by Senate Committee staff member Donald Sanders, on July 13, 1973, in an interview with White House aide Alexander Butterfield. Three days later, it was made public during the televised testimony of Butterfield, when he was asked about the possibility of a White House taping system by Senate Counsel Fred Thompson.{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-man-who-revealed-the-nixon-tapes/2012/06/14/gJQAsEZUdV_story.html | title=The man who revealed the Nixon tapes | first=Alicia | last=Shepard | date=June 14, 2012 | newspaper=The Washington Post | access-date=July 11, 2017 | archive-date=May 16, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516085927/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-man-who-revealed-the-nixon-tapes/2012/06/14/gJQAsEZUdV_story.html | url-status=live }}

On July 16, 1973, Butterfield told the committee in a televised hearing that Nixon had ordered a taping system installed in the White House to automatically record all conversations. Special Counsel Archibald Cox, a former United States Solicitor General under President John F. Kennedy, asked District Court Judge John Sirica to subpoena nine relevant tapes to confirm the testimony of White House Counsel John Dean.{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/072773-1.htm|title=WashingtonPost.com: Court Battle Set as Nixon Defies Subpoenas|website=www.washingtonpost.com|access-date=December 30, 2016|archive-date=December 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231075442/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/072773-1.htm|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Saturday Night Massacre}}

Nixon initially refused to release the tapes, putting two reasons forward: first, that the Constitutional principle of executive privilege extends to the tapes and citing the separation of powers and checks and balances within the Constitution, and second, claiming they were vital to national security.{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/072473-1.htm|title=President Refuses to Turn Over Tapes; Ervin Committee, Cox Issue Subpoenas|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=December 30, 2016|archive-date=January 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113163112/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/072473-1.htm|url-status=live}} On October 19, 1973, he offered a compromise; Nixon proposed that Democratic U.S. Senator John C. Stennis review and summarize the tapes for accuracy and report his findings to the special prosecutor's office.{{Cite news|url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/watergate-constitution/chronology.html|title=Watergate and the Constitution|date=August 15, 2016|newspaper=National Archives|access-date=December 30, 2016|archive-date=December 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231080217/https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/watergate-constitution/chronology.html|url-status=live}} Cox refused the compromise and on Saturday, October 20, 1973, Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Cox. Richardson refused and resigned instead, then Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus was asked to fire Cox but also refused and resigned. Solicitor General and acting head of the Justice Department Robert Bork fired Cox.{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/102173-2.htm|title=WashingtonPost.com: Nixon Forces Firing of Cox; Richardson, Ruckelshaus Quit|website=www.washingtonpost.com|access-date=December 30, 2016|archive-date=September 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903022254/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/102173-2.htm|url-status=live}} Nixon appointed Leon Jaworski special counsel on November 1, 1973.

According to Nixon's secretary Rose Mary Woods, on September 29, 1973, she was reviewing a tape of the June 20, 1972, recordings,{{cite web |url=http://watergate.info/burglary/burglars.shtml |title=Watergate Burglars |publisher=Watergate.info |date=June 17, 1972 |access-date=June 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420103446/http://watergate.info/burglary/burglars.shtml |archive-date=April 20, 2012 |url-status=dead }} when she made "a terrible mistake" during transcription. While playing the tape on a Uher 5000, she answered a phone call. Reaching for the Uher 5000 stop button, she said that she mistakenly hit the button next to it, the record button. For the duration of the phone call, about five minutes, she kept her foot on the device's pedal, causing a five-minute portion of the tape to be rerecorded. When she listened to the tape, the gap had grown to {{frac|18|1|2}} minutes. She later insisted that she was not responsible for the remaining 13 minutes of buzz.{{cite magazine|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,908267,00.html|title=The Crisis: The Secretary and the Tapes Tangle|magazine=Time|date=December 10, 1973|access-date=March 29, 2022}}

The contents missing from the recording remain unknown, though the gap occurs during a conversation between Nixon and Haldeman three days after the Watergate break-in. Nixon claimed not to know the topics discussed during the gap. Haldeman's notes from the meeting show that among the topics of discussion were the arrests at the Watergate Hotel. White House lawyers first heard of the gap on the evening of November 14, 1973, and Judge Sirica, who had issued subpoenas for the tapes, was not told until November 21, after the president's attorneys had decided that there was "no innocent explanation" they could offer.{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/120773-1.htm | title=Haig Tells of Theories on Erasure | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=December 7, 1973 | access-date=May 31, 2013 | archive-date=November 11, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111173125/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/articles/120773-1.htm | url-status=live }}

File:Rose Mary Woods.jpg

File:Uher_5000.jpg

Woods was asked to demonstrate the position in which she was sitting when the accident occurred. Seated at a desk, she reached far back over her left shoulder for a telephone as her foot applied pressure to the pedal controlling the transcription machine. Her posture during the demonstration, dubbed the "Rose Mary Stretch", caused many political commentators to question the validity of the explanation.{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A30678-2005Jan23.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | title=Rose Mary Woods Dies; Loyal Nixon Secretary | first=Patricia | last=Sullivan | date=January 24, 2005 | access-date=May 27, 2010 | archive-date=May 13, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513234018/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A30678-2005Jan23.html | url-status=live }}

In a grand jury interview in 1975, Nixon said that he initially believed that only four minutes of the tape were missing. He said that when he later heard that 18 minutes were missing, "I practically blew my stack."{{cite news |title=Nixon nearly 'blew my stack' over Watergate tape gap |author1=Jeremy Pelofsky |author2=James Vicini |date=November 10, 2011 |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-nixon-tapes-idUSTRE7A96DR20111110 |access-date=November 10, 2011 |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310105637/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-nixon-tapes-idUSTRE7A96DR20111110 |url-status=live }}

In his 2014 book The Nixon Defense, Nixon's White House Counsel John Dean suggests that the full collection of recordings now available "largely answer the questions regarding what was known by the White House about the reasons for the break-in and bugging at the Democratic National Committee headquarters, as well as what was erased during the infamous 18 minute and 30 second gap during the June 20, 1972, conversation and why."{{cite web |url=https://verdict.justia.com/2014/08/10/thoughts-nixons-resignation |access-date=April 7, 2015 |title=Thoughts on Nixon's resignation |date=August 10, 2014 |archive-date=April 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412140515/https://verdict.justia.com/2014/08/10/thoughts-nixons-resignation |url-status=live }}

A variety of suggestions have been made as to who could have erased the tape. Years later, White House Chief of Staff Alexander Haig speculated that the erasures may conceivably have been caused by Nixon himself. According to Haig, the president was "spectacularly inept" at understanding and operating mechanical devices, and in the course of reviewing the tape in question, he may have caused the erasures by fumbling with the recorder's controls, though Haig could not say whether the erasures had occurred inadvertently or intentionally. In 1973, Haig had speculated aloud that the erasure was caused by an unidentified "sinister force."Slansky, Paul. Idiots, Hypocrites, Demagogues, and More Idiots: Not-So-Great Moments in Modern American Politics. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007. p. 30 {{ISBN?}} Others have suggested that Haig was involved in deliberately erasing the tapes with Nixon's involvement, or that the erasure was conducted by a White House lawyer.{{cite web|last1=Robenalt|first1=James|title=Truth in a Lie: Forty Years After the 18½ Minute Gap|url=http://www.washingtondecoded.com/site/2014/05/robenalt.html|website=Washington Decoded|access-date=December 1, 2015|archive-date=December 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208082808/http://www.washingtondecoded.com/site/2014/05/robenalt.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|last1=Mellinger|first1=Phil|title=Cracking Watergate's Infamous 18 1/2 Minute Gap|url=http://www.forensicmag.com/articles/2011/02/cracking-watergates-infamous-18-1-2-minute-gap|website=Forensics Magazine|access-date=December 1, 2015|date=February 18, 2011|archive-date=December 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208094151/http://www.forensicmag.com/articles/2011/02/cracking-watergates-infamous-18-1-2-minute-gap|url-status=live}}

Nixon himself launched the first investigation into how the tapes were erased. He claimed that it was an intensive investigation but came up empty.

On November 21, 1973, Sirica appointed a panel of persons nominated jointly by the White House and the Special Prosecution Force. The panel was supplied with the evidence tape, the seven tape recorders from the Oval Office and Executive Office Building and the two Uher 5000 recorders. One recorder, labeled as Exhibit 60, was marked "Secret Service" and the other, Exhibit 60B, was accompanied by a foot pedal. The panel determined that the buzz was of no consequence and that the gap was the result of an erasureAdvisory Panel on White House Tapes (1974) p. 4 performed on the Exhibit 60 recorder.Advisory Panel on White House Tapes (1974) p. 11 The panel also determined that the recording consisted of at least five separate segments, possibly as many as nine,Advisory Panel on White House Tapes (1974) p. 36 and that at least five segments required hand operation; that is, they could not have been performed using the foot pedal.Advisory Panel on White House Tapes (1974) p. 44 The panel was subsequently asked by the court to consider alternative explanations that had emerged during the hearings. The final report, dated May 31, 1974, found that these other explanations did not contradict the original findings.Advisory Panel on White House Tapes (1974) p. iv

The National Archives and Records Administration owns the tape and has tried several times to recover the missing minutes, most recently in 2003, but without success.{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/watergate-tape-gap-still-a-mystery/|title=Watergate Tape Gap Still A Mystery|access-date=December 30, 2016|archive-date=February 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209042434/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/watergate-tape-gap-still-a-mystery/|url-status=live}} The tapes are now preserved in a climate-controlled vault in case future technology allows for restoration of the missing audio.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/09/us/national-archives-has-given-up-on-filling-the-nixon-tape-gap.html|title=National Archives Has Given Up On Filling the Nixon Tape Gap|last=Clymer|first=Adam|date=May 9, 2003|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=December 30, 2016|archive-date=May 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527231832/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/09/us/national-archives-has-given-up-on-filling-the-nixon-tape-gap.html|url-status=live}} Corporate security expert Phil Mellinger undertook a project to restore Haldeman's handwritten notes describing the missing {{frac|18|1|2}} minutes,{{cite magazine|author=David Corn |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2009/09/csi-watergate |title=CSI: Watergate |magazine=Mother Jones |access-date=June 7, 2012}} but that effort also failed to produce any new information.{{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2011/nr11-142.html |title=National Archives Releases Forensic Report on H.R. Haldeman Notes |publisher=Archives.gov |access-date=June 7, 2012 |archive-date=June 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601005525/http://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2011/nr11-142.html |url-status=live }}

File:Nixon edited transcripts.jpg

On April 11, 1974, the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary subpoenaed the tapes of 42 White House conversations.{{cite book| title=The Final Days| first1=Bob| last1=Woodward| author-link1=Bob Woodward| first2=Carl| last2=Bernstein| author-link2=Carl Bernstein| publisher=Simon & Schuster| location=New York| date=1976| isbn=0-6712-2298-8| page=124}} Later that month, Nixon released more than 1,200 pages of edited transcripts of the subpoenaed tapes, but refused to surrender the actual tapes, claiming executive privilege once more.{{cite news| title=A burglary turns into a constitutional crisis| url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/06/11/watergate/index.html| access-date=May 13, 2014| work=CNN| date=June 16, 2004| archive-date=November 26, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126023743/https://www.cnn.com/2004/US/06/11/watergate/index.html| url-status=live}} The Judiciary Committee rejected Nixon's edited transcripts, saying that they did not comply with the subpoena.{{Cite web| title=Nixon to Rodino: Description| url=https://history.house.gov/HouseRecord/Detail/15032449719| publisher=Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives| location=Washington, D.C.| access-date=December 5, 2019| archive-date=October 19, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019070527/https://history.house.gov/HouseRecord/Detail/15032449719| url-status=live}}

Sirica, acting on a request from Jaworski, issued a subpoena for the tapes of 64 presidential conversations to use as evidence in the criminal cases against indicted former Nixon administration officials. Nixon refused, and Jaworski appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court to force Nixon to turn over the tapes. On July 24, 1974, the Supreme Court ordered Nixon to release the tapes.{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/court-orders-nixon-to-yield-tapes-president-promises-to-comply-fully/2012/06/04/gJQAZSw0IV_story.html|title=Court Orders Nixon to Yield Tapes; President Promises to Comply Fully|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=December 30, 2016|archive-date=March 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314072025/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/court-orders-nixon-to-yield-tapes-president-promises-to-comply-fully/2012/06/04/gJQAZSw0IV_story.html|url-status=live}} The 8–0 ruling (Justice William Rehnquist recused himself because he had worked for attorney general John N. Mitchell) in United States v. Nixon found that President Nixon was incorrect in arguing that courts are compelled to honor, without question, any presidential claim of executive privilege.

File:Nixon Oval Office meeting with H.R. Haldeman "Smoking Gun" Conversation June 23, 1972.wav

The White House released the subpoenaed tapes on August 5. One tape, later known as the "Smoking Gun" tape, documented the initial stages of the Watergate coverup. On it, Nixon and Haldeman are heard formulating a plan to block investigations by having the CIA falsely claim to the FBI that national security was involved.{{Cite news |last=Kopel |first=David |date=June 16, 2014 |title=The missing 18 1/2 minutes: Presidential destruction of incriminating evidence |language=en-US |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/06/16/the-missing-18-12-minutes-presidential-destruction-of-incriminating-evidence/ |access-date=December 6, 2022 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323014311/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/06/16/the-missing-18-12-minutes-presidential-destruction-of-incriminating-evidence/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Glass |first=Andrew |date=August 5, 2018 |title=Watergate 'smoking gun' tape released, Aug. 5, 1974 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/08/05/watergate-smoking-gun-tape-released-aug-5-1974-753086 |access-date=December 6, 2022 |website=Politico |language=en |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206050908/https://www.politico.com/story/2018/08/05/watergate-smoking-gun-tape-released-aug-5-1974-753086 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Martin |first=Andrew |date=May 16, 2017 |title=The Smoking Gun That Took Down Nixon: One From the History Books |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-16/the-smoking-gun-that-took-down-nixon-one-from-the-history-books |url-access=subscription |access-date=December 6, 2022 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011845/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-16/the-smoking-gun-that-took-down-nixon-one-from-the-history-books |url-status=live }} This demonstrated both that Nixon had been told of the White House connection to the Watergate burglaries soon after they took place, and that he had approved plans to thwart the investigation. In a statement accompanying the release of the tape, Nixon accepted blame for misleading the country about when he had been told of White House involvement, stating that he had a lapse of memory.{{cite book| last=Ambrose| first=Stephen E.| author-link=Stephen E. Ambrose| year=1991| title=Nixon: Ruin and Recovery 1973–1990| publisher=Simon & Schuster| location=New York| isbn=978-0-671-69188-2| pages=414–416}}{{cite news| author=| agency=AP| title=Refusal-to-Resign Speech Was Prepared for Nixon| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/nixon/stories/nixon121696ap.htm| date=December 16, 1996| newspaper=The Washington Post| access-date=December 5, 2019| archive-date=February 6, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206154159/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/nixon/stories/nixon121696ap.htm| url-status=live}}

Once the "Smoking Gun" transcript was made public, Nixon's political support practically vanished. The ten Republicans on the House Judiciary Committee who had voted against impeachment in committee stated that they would now vote for impeachment once the matter reached the House floor. As a measure of how rapidly Nixon's support in Congress had evaporated, Senators Barry Goldwater and Hugh Scott estimated that no more than 15 senators were willing to even consider acquittal; Nixon would have been removed from office if fewer than 33 Senators voted not guilty.{{Cite news |last=Waldron |first=Martin |date=August 8, 1974 |title=Goldwater Expects Only a ‘Hard Core’ Of Senate Votes for Acquitting Nixon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/08/archives/goldwater-expects-only-a-hard-core-of-senate-votes-for-acquitting.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622055209/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/08/08/archives/goldwater-expects-only-a-hard-core-of-senate-votes-for-acquitting.html |archive-date=June 22, 2022 |access-date=May 9, 2024 |work=The New York Times}} It was now clear that Nixon faced certain impeachment in the House of Representatives, and equally certain conviction and removal in the Senate. Realizing his position was untenable, Nixon resigned on the evening of Thursday, August 8, 1974, effective as of noon the next day.{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part3.html|title=The Watergate Story {{!}} Nixon Resigns|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=December 30, 2016|archive-date=November 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125171439/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/part3.html|url-status=live}}

After Nixon's resignation, the federal government took control of all of his presidential records, including the tapes, under the Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act of 1974. From the time that the federal government seized his records until his death, Nixon was locked in frequent legal battles over control of the tapes. He argued that the 1974 act was unconstitutional because it violated the constitutional principles of separation of powers and executive privilege and infringed on his personal privacy rights and the First Amendment right of association.{{cite web|url=http://www.lawnix.com/cases/nixon-gsa.html|title=Nixon v. Administrator of General Services – Case Brief – Nixon Tapes|access-date=February 14, 2012|publisher=Lawnix|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217165900/http://www.lawnix.com/cases/nixon-gsa.html|archive-date=February 17, 2012}}{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yuwtAAAAIBAJ&pg=5727%2C3233941|title=Three-year legal battle on Nixon tapes nearing end|date=April 21, 1977|work=UPI|publisher=The Rome News-Tribune|access-date=February 14, 2012|archive-date=August 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815220530/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yuwtAAAAIBAJ&pg=5727%2C3233941|url-status=live}}

The legal disputes would continue for 25 years, past Nixon's death in 1994. He initially lost several cases,{{cite web|url=http://www.news.wisc.edu/20004|title=Historian's work gives a glimpse of Nixon 'unplugged'|date=November 8, 2011|access-date=February 14, 2012|publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison|archive-date=September 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140930211322/http://www.news.wisc.edu/20004|url-status=live}} but the courts ruled in 1998 that some 820 hours and 42 million pages of documents were his personal private property that must be returned to his estate.{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-apr-01-mn-34946-story.html|title=Court Rules Some Nixon Tapes are Private|access-date=February 14, 2012|date=April 1, 1998|author=Wagner, Michael G.|work=Los Angeles Times|archive-date=July 15, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715025238/http://articles.latimes.com/1998/apr/01/news/mn-34946|url-status=live}} However, as Nixon had been dead for four years at the time of the court ruling, it may have been a moot development after years of legal battles over the tapes.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

On July 11, 2007, the National Archives was granted official control of the previously privately operated Richard Nixon Library and Museum in Yorba Linda, California.{{cite news| title=Federal Archivists Take Control of Nixon Library – washingtonpost.com| access-date=July 25, 2007| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/11/AR2007071100483.html| newspaper=The Washington Post| first=Gillian| last=Flaccus| date=July 12, 2007| archive-date=January 23, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123004708/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/11/AR2007071100483.html| url-status=live}} The facility now houses the tapes and periodically releases additional tapes to the public that are available online and in the public domain.{{cite web|url=http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/|title=Nixon White House Tapes – Online|website=nixonlibrary.gov|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|access-date=March 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308061139/https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/tapeexcerpts/|archive-date=March 8, 2016|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/faq/tapes.php|title=Nixon White House Tapes FAQ|website=nixonlibrary.gov|publisher=National Archives and Records Administration|access-date=March 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319034932/https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/faq/tapes.php|archive-date=March 19, 2016|url-status=dead}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite web| title=EOB Tape of June 20, 1972: Report on a Technical Investigation Conducted for the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia by the Advisory Panel on White House Tapes| date=May 31, 1974| first1=Richard H.| last1=Bolt| first2=Franklin S.| last2=Cooper| first3=James L.| last3=Flanagan| first4=John G.| last4=McKniqht| first5=Thomas G.| last5=Stockham Jr.| first6=Mark R.| last6=Weiss| website=aes.org| url=http://www.aes.org/aeshc/docs/forensic.audio/watergate.tapes.report.pdf}}.
• {{cite book| first1=Douglas| last1=Brinkley| first2=Luke A.| last2=Nichter| title=The Nixon Tapes: 1971–1972| publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt| location=Boston| year=2014| isbn=978-0-544-27415-0}}
• {{cite book| first1=Douglas| last1=Brinkley| first2=Luke A.| last2=Nichter| title=The Nixon Tapes: 1973| publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt| location=Boston| year=2015| isbn=978-0-544-61053-8}}
• {{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908267-1,00.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903094205/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908267-1,00.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=September 3, 2007| title=The Crisis: The Secretary and the Tapes Tangle| magazine=Time| date=December 10, 1973}}
• {{cite book| last=Doyle| first=James| title=Not Above the Law: the battles of Watergate prosecutors Cox and Jaworski| url=https://archive.org/details/notabovelawbattl00doyl| url-access=registration| publisher=William Morrow and Company| location=New York| year=1977| isbn=0-688-03192-7}}
• {{cite book| first=Ken| last=Hughes| title=Chasing Shadows: The Nixon Tapes, the Chennault Affair, and the Origins of Watergate| publisher=University of Virginia Press| location=Charlottesville| year=2014| isbn = 978-0-8139-3663-5}}
• {{Cite magazine| last=Kissinger| first=Henry| title=Watergate: The Smoking Gun| date=March 8, 1982| url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,921119-1,00.html| magazine=Time}}
• {{cite book| last=Nixon| first=Richard| title=The White House Transcripts| url=https://archive.org/details/whitehousetransc00nixorich| url-access=registration| publisher=Viking Press| location=New York| year=1974| isbn = 0-670-76324-1| oclc=1095702}}

• [https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/white-house-tapes Richard Nixon Library and Museum]
• [http://www.nixontapes.org/ nixontapes.org]
• [http://www.easynixon.org/ "Easy Nixon" accessible database of the Nixon Tapes]
• [http://millercenter.org/search?search=Watergate%20tapes%20and%20transcripts Watergate tapes and transcripts] – Miller Center of Public Affairs
• [http://www.watergate.info/tapes/72-06-23_smoking-gun.shtml Transcript of the "Smoking Gun" tape] – watergate.info

{{Presidency of Richard Nixon}}

Category:1970s in the United States

Category:Government documents of the United States

Category:Presidency of Richard Nixon

Category:Audio evidence

Category:United States documents

Category:Watergate scandal