No. 100 Group RAF

{{Infobox military unit

|unit_name = No. 100 Group RAF

|image =

|caption =

|dates = 1943–1945

|country = {{UK}}

|branch = {{Air force|UK}}

|command_structure = RAF Bomber Command

|type =

|role = Electronic countermeasures

|size =

|current_commander =

|garrison =

|garrison_label =

|ceremonial_chief =

|ceremonial_chief_label =

|colonel_of_the_regiment =

|colonel_of_the_regiment_label =

|nickname =

|motto = Confound and Destroy{{cite book|last1=Pine|first1=L.G.|title=A dictionary of mottoes|date=1983|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|location=London|isbn=0-7100-9339-X|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmott00tion/page/37 37]|edition=1|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmott00tion/page/37}}

|colors = 125px

|colors_label = Royal Air Force Ensign

|march =

|mascot =

|equipment =

|notable_commanders =Edward Addison

| identification_symbol =The head of Medusa azure/or/sable.{{efn|The group specialised in electronic countermeasures, so used the head of Medusa who confounded her enemies. {{cite book |last1=Delve |first1=Ken |title=Bomber Command 1939-1945 : a reference to the men - aircraft & operational history |date=2005 |publisher=Pen & Sword Aviation |location=Barnsley |isbn=1-84415-183-2 |page=174}}}}

| identification_symbol_label = Group badge

|anniversaries =

|aircraft_electronic=Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, Consolidated B-24 Liberator, Handley Page Halifax, Short Stirling, Vickers Wellington

|aircraft_fighter= Bristol Beaufighter, de Havilland Mosquito

}}

No. 100 (Bomber Support) Group was a special duties group within RAF Bomber Command. The group was formed on 11 November 1943 to consolidate the increasingly complex business of electronic warfare and countermeasures in one organisation. The group was responsible for the development, operational trial and use of electronic warfare and countermeasures equipment. It was based at RAF stations in East Anglia, chiefly Norfolk.

The group was a pioneer in countering the formidable force of radar-equipped Luftwaffe night fighters, using a range of electronic 'homers' fitted to de Havilland Mosquito fighters which detected night fighter radar and radio emissions and allowed the RAF fighters to home in onto the Axis aircraft and either shoot them down or disrupt their missions against the bomber streams. Other Mosquitoes would patrol around Luftwaffe fighter airfields ready to attack night fighters as they landed.

This constant harassment had a detrimental effect on the morale and confidence of many Luftwaffe crews and indirectly led to a high proportion of aircraft and aircrew wastage from crashes as night fighters hurried in to land to avoid the Mosquito threat (real or imagined).{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}

From 1944–45, the Mosquitos of 100 Group claimed 258 Luftwaffe aircraft shot down for 70 losses. The gradually increasing threat from the RAF fighters also created what the Luftwaffe crews nicknamed Moskito Panik as the night fighter crews were never sure when or where they may come under attack from the marauding 100 Group fighters.

File:Lancaster I NG128 Dropping Load - Duisburg - Oct 14 - 1944.jpg on the fuselage, Duisberg 1944]]

Top Mosquito ace with 100 Group was Wing Commander Branse Burbridge of 85 Squadron, with 21 claims from 1944–45.

The bomber squadrons of 100 Group utilised various specialist electronic jamming devices to disrupt German radio communications and radar. During 100 Group's existence over 32 different devices were evaluated and used. Specially equipped 100 Group aircraft would fly in the bomber stream. Much of this equipment was developed at the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE).

Special equipment used included Airborne Cigar (ABC) jammer, Jostle (jammer), Mandrel (jammer), Airborne Grocer (jammer), Piperack (jammer), Perfectos (homer), Serrate (homer), Corona (spoofer), Carpet (jammer) and Lucero (homer), used against German equipment such as Lichtenstein, Freya, and Wurzburg radars.

{{cquote|The combination of the Pathfinders' operations, the activities of No. 100 Group, the British advantage in radar, jamming and Window techniques, combined with intelligent attacking tactics, as well as the discipline and bravery of the RAF crews, have been remarkable. We had our (sic) severe problems in trying to defend Germany in the air |4=General der Jagdflieger, Adolf Galland. |5=Lancaster - the Biography{{sfn|Iveson|Milton|2009|p=122}}}}

History

100 Group was formed in November 1943 under Air Commodore Addison at Radlett. Its first unit was 192 Squadron whose aircraft had been used for monitoring German radio traffic as part of Y service. The Squadron moved to RAF Foulsham in Norfolk on 7 December. The Group HQ was initially at West Raynham, Norfolk.{{Sfn|Bowman|Cushing|2004}} and then made its permanent headquarters at Bylaugh Hall - about five miles from East Dereham - from January 1944, a central location from which to administer the group's airfields in north Norfolk.

The first operation was in support of Bomber Command raid on Berlin with four intruder aircraft (two Beaufighters and two Mosquitos) of 141 Squadron on 16/17 December. The first success was a Junkers Ju 88 shot down on 23/24 December by a Beaufighter. The squadrons Mosquitos were old aircraft in poor condition and their Beaufighters were being transferred out. With 239 and 169 squadrons still in training, 100 Group could only provide a couple of aircraft, if any, for Bomber Command's attacks on Berlin. Problems with the Mosquitos persisted even when all three squadrons were operational in late January.{{Sfn|Bowman|Cushing|2004}}

The group disbanded on 17 December 1945. During its existence it had one commander, Air Vice-Marshal Edward Addison.

Order of battle

File:Boeing Fortress Mk.III (SD) ECM aircraft 214 Sqn RAF at Prestwick 1944.jpg with nose-mounted H2S navigation radar]]

No 100 Group operated from eight airfields with approximately 260 aircraft, 140 of which were various marks of de Havilland Mosquito night fighter intruders with the remainder consisting of Handley Page Halifaxes, Short Stirlings, Vickers Wellingtons, Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberators carrying electronic jamming equipment. The group also operated the Bristol Beaufighter for a short time.

Intruder aircraft were fitted with Mark IV Airborne Interception radar for locating and attacking enemy fighters and Serrate radar detector to find enemy aircraft using their own Lichtenstein radar to look for Allied aircraft. Intruders would loiter near enemy airfields or staging beacons.

The Short Stirlings were fitted with Mandrel which jammed German Freya (early warning) radars. Later B-17 Flying Fortresses equipped the Carpet to jam Würzburg (gun directing) radars.{{Sfn|Bowman|Cushing|2004}}

No 223 Squadron's Liberators were ex-American Eight Air Force B-24 H and J models, already well used but long ranged and each able to carry multiple 'Jostle' radio telephony jamming units. The Jostle transmitter took the place of the ventral ball turret.{{Sfn|Bowman|Cushing|2004}}

class="wikitable"

|+100 (Special Duties) Group order of battle{{Harvnb|Moyes|1976|p=307.}}

!Squadron

!Aircraft

!First 100 Group operation

!Base

192

| de Havilland Mosquito NF.II, B.IV, B.XVI, Vickers Wellington B.III, Handley Page Halifax IV

December 1943

RAF Foulsham

141

| Bristol Beaufighter VI, Mosquito II, VI, XXX

December 1943

RAF West Raynham

239

| Mosquito II, VI, XXX

20 January 1944

RAF West Raynham

515

| Mosquito II, VI

| 3 March 1944

| RAF Little Snoring, RAF Great Massingham

169

| Mosquito II, VI, XIX

| 20 January 1944

| RAF Little Snoring

214

| Boeing Fortress II, III

| 20/21 April 1944

| RAF Sculthorpe, RAF Oulton

199

| Short Stirling B.III, Halifax B.III

1 May 1944

RAF North Creake

157

| Mosquito XIX, XXX

| May 1944

| RAF Swannington

| Mosquito XII, XVII

| 5/6 June 1944

| RAF Swannington

| Mosquito VI

| 5/6 July 1944

| RAF Little Snoring

223

| Consolidated Liberator VI, Fortress II, III

| September 1944

| RAF Oulton

171

| Stirling II, Halifax III

15 September 1944

RAF North Creake

462 (RAAF)

| Halifax III

13 March 1945

RAF Foulsham

Other units and stations:

No. 1692 Flight RAF based at RAF Little Snoring
No. 1699 Flight RAF based at RAF Oulton to train Fortress crews for 214 Squadron
No. 100 Group Communications Flight at RAF West Raynham and then RAF Swanton Morley
No. 80 (Signals) Wing RAF from November 1943 based at Radlett Aerodrome, controlled Meacon beacons and other radio countermeasures and intelligence work.

Notes

References

= Citations =

= Sources =

{{cite book |last1=Bond |first1= Steve |last2= Forder |first2= Richard |title=Special Ops Liberators: 223 (Bomber Support) Squadron, 100 Group and the Electronic War |publisher= Grub Street |date=2011 |isbn=978-1-908-11714-4}}.
Bowman, Martin W. 100 Group (Bomber Support): RAF Bomber Command in World War II. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword/Leo Cooper, 2006. {{ISBN|1-84415-418-1}}.
{{cite book |last1=Bowman |first1= Martin W. |first2= Tom |last2= Cushing |title=Confounding the Reich |location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK |publisher= Pen and Sword Books |date=2004 |isbn=1-84415-124-7}}.
{{cite book |last1=Iveson |first1=Tony, DFC |last2=Milton |first2=Brian |title=Lancaster - the Biography |publisher=Andre Deutsch |location=London |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-233-00270-5 }}
{{cite book |last=Moyes |first=Philip J. R. |title=Bomber Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft |location=London |publisher=Macdonald and Jane's |year=1976 |orig-year=1964 |edition=rev. |isbn=0-354-01027-1 }}
Peden, Murray. A Thousand Shall Fall: the True Story of a Canadian Bomber Pilot in World War Two. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Stoddart Publishing Co. Ltd., 1988 (reprinted in 2000). {{ISBN|0-7737-5967-0}}.
Streetly, Martin. Confound & Destroy. London: Macdonald and Jane's (Publishing) Company Ltd., 1978. {{ISBN|0-354-01180-4}}.

External links

[http://www.raf100groupassociation.org Website RAF 100 Group Association]
[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/s18no2group.html Website RAF bomber Command]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20090218235617/http://cnam.co.uk/ Website, RAF 100 Group Museum]

Category:Electronic warfare units and formations

Category:Military units and formations established in 1943

100

Category:Telecommunications in World War II