Nobel Peace Prize#List of Laureates

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According to Nobel's will, the Peace Prize shall be awarded to the person who in the preceding year "shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".{{cite web | url = https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html | access-date = 31 March 2008 | title = Excerpt from the Will of Alfred Nobel | publisher = Nobel Foundation | archive-date = 15 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180815060015/https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html | url-status = live }} Alfred Nobel's will further specified that the prize be awarded by a committee of five people chosen by the Norwegian Parliament.{{Cite book |last=Nordlinger |first=Jay |url=https://archive.org/details/peacetheysayhist0000nord |title=Peace, They Say: A History of the Nobel Peace Prize, the Most Famous and Controversial Prize in the World |date=20 March 2012 |publisher=Encounter Books |isbn=9781594035999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/peacetheysayhist0000nord/page/24 24] |language=en |quote= |url-access=registration}}{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2015/12/alfred-nobels-will-a-legal-document-that-might-have-changed-the-world-and-a-mans-legacy/|title=Alfred Nobel's Will: A Legal Document that Might Have Changed the World and a Man's Legacy {{!}} In Custodia Legis: Law Librarians of Congress|last=Levush|first=Ruth|date=7 December 2015|website=blogs.loc.gov|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327195227/https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2015/12/alfred-nobels-will-a-legal-document-that-might-have-changed-the-world-and-a-mans-legacy/|url-status=live}}

Nobel died in 1896 and he did not leave an explanation for choosing peace as a prize category. As he was a trained chemical engineer, the categories for chemistry and physics were obvious choices. The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear. According to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, his friendship with Bertha von Suttner, a peace activist and later recipient of the prize, profoundly influenced his decision to include peace as a category.{{cite web

| title = Why Norway?

| publisher = The Norwegian Nobel Committee

| url = https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/History/Why-Norway

| access-date = 11 October 2009

| archive-date = 5 November 2018

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181105210706/https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/History/Why-Norway

| url-status = live

}} Some Nobel scholars suggest it was Nobel's way to compensate for developing destructive forces. His inventions included dynamite and ballistite, both of which were used violently during his lifetime. Ballistite was used in warAltman, L. (2006). [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/26/health/26docs.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5070&en=919b88628e82140e&ex=1160884800 Alfred Nobel and the prize that almost didn't happen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130124239/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/26/health/26docs.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5070&en=919b88628e82140e&ex=1160884800 |date=30 January 2016 }}. New York Times. Retrieved 14 October 2006. and the Irish Republican Brotherhood, an Irish nationalist organization, carried out dynamite attacks in the 1880s.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/profiles/po17.shtml BBC History – 1916 Easter Rising – Profiles – The Irish Republican Brotherhood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301195334/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/profiles/po17.shtml |date=1 March 2024 }} BBC Nobel was also instrumental in turning Bofors from an iron and steel producer into an armaments company.

There is a well known, but possibly apocryphal, story that in 1888, after the death of his brother Ludvig, several newspapers published obituaries of Alfred by mistake.{{cite web | url=https://www.history.com/news/did-a-premature-obituary-inspire-the-nobel-prize |title=Did a Premature Obituary Inspire the Nobel Prize? |last=Andrews | first=Evan | work=History Channel | date=23 July 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130142424/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/blame-sloppy-journalism-for-the-nobel-prizes-1172688/ |archive-date=2023-11-30 |url-status=live}} One French newspaper condemned him for his invention of military explosives and this is said to have brought about his decision to leave a better legacy after his death.{{Cite encyclopedia | title=Alfred Nobel | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Nobel |archive-date=2 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502193629/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416842/Alfred-Bernhard-Nobel |url-status=live}} The obituary stated, {{lang|fr|Le marchand de la mort est mort}} ("The merchant of death is dead"), and went on to say, "Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday."{{Cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenmakovsky/2011/11/07/nobel-how-he-built-his-reputation/ | title=Nobel: How He Built His Reputation | first=Ken | last=Makovsky | work=Forbes | date=July 11, 2011 | url-access=limited}}{{cite news | url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/blame-sloppy-journalism-for-the-nobel-prizes-1172688/ | title=Blame Sloppy Journalism for the Nobel Prizes | last=Schultz | first=Colin | work=Smithsonian Magazine | date=9 October 2013 | archive-date=30 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130142424/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/blame-sloppy-journalism-for-the-nobel-prizes-1172688/|url-status=live}} However, it has been questioned whether or not the obituary in question actually existed.

It is also unclear why Nobel wished the Peace Prize to be administered in Norway, which was ruled in union with Sweden at the time of Nobel's death. The Norwegian Nobel Committee speculates that Nobel may have considered Norway better suited to awarding the prize, as it did not have the same militaristic traditions as Sweden. It also notes that at the end of the 19th century, the Norwegian parliament had become closely involved in the Inter-Parliamentary Union's efforts to resolve conflicts through mediation and arbitration.

File:Norske nobelinstiutt 1.jpg in Oslo, Norway]]

File:Dalai Lama and Bishop Tutu. Carey Linde.jpg and Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]

File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE LAUREATES FOR 1994 IN OSLO..jpg, Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin displaying their 1994 Nobel Peace Prize]]

The Norwegian Parliament appoints the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which selects the Nobel Peace Prize laureate.

{{Main|List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize (1900–1999)|List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize (2000–present)|List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize}}

Each year, the Norwegian Nobel Committee specifically invites qualified people to submit nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize.{{cite web |title=Nomination for the Nobel Peace Prize |url=http://nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830181941/http://nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/index.html |archive-date=30 August 2009 |access-date=10 September 2009 |publisher=Nobel Foundation}} The statutes of the Nobel Foundation specify categories of individuals who are eligible to make nominations for the Nobel Peace Prize.{{cite web| title =Who may submit nominations?| publisher =The Norwegian Nobel Committee| date =8 October 2017| url =http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_committee/who-can-nominate/| access-date =10 September 2009| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130630174311/http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_committee/who-can-nominate/| archive-date =30 June 2013| df =dmy-all}} These nominators are:

• Members of national assemblies and governments and members of the Inter-Parliamentary Union
• Members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration and the International Court of Justice at the Hague
• Members of Institut de Droit International
• Academics at the professor or associate professor level in history, social sciences, philosophy, law, and theology, university rectors, university directors (or their equivalents), and directors of peace research and international affairs institutes
• Previous recipients, including board members of organizations that have received the prize
• Present and past members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee
• Former permanent advisers to the Norwegian Nobel Institute

The working language of the Norwegian Nobel Committee is Norwegian; in addition to Norwegian the committee has traditionally received nominations in French, German, and English, but today most nominations are submitted in either Norwegian or English. Nominations must usually be submitted to the committee by the beginning of February in the award year. Nominations by committee members can be submitted up to the date of the first Committee meeting after this deadline.

In 2009, a record 205 nominations were received,{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/eu_nobel_peace |title=President Barack Obama wins Nobel Peace Prize |publisher=Associated Press on yahoo.com |access-date=9 October 2009 |archive-date=12 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012065130/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/eu_nobel_peace |url-status=live }} but the record was broken again in 2010 with 237 nominations; in 2011, the record was broken once again with 241 nominations.{{cite web|url=http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_committee/nomination-2011/|title=Nominations for the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=7 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011080517/http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_committee/nomination-2011/|archive-date=11 October 2011}} The statutes of the Nobel Foundation do not allow information about nominations, considerations, or investigations relating to awarding the prize to be made public for at least 50 years after a prize has been awarded.{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/Nomination/Confidentiality|title=Confidentiality|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101133/https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/Nomination/Confidentiality|url-status=live}} Over time, many individuals have become known as "Nobel Peace Prize Nominees", but this designation has no official standing, and means only that one of the thousands of eligible nominators suggested the person's name for consideration.{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/nomination/#nominators|title=Who may submit nominations – Nobels fredspris|access-date=10 October 2014|archive-date=17 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517131628/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/nomination/#nominators|url-status=live}} Indeed, in 1939, Adolf Hitler received a satirical nomination from a member of the Swedish parliament, mocking the (serious but unsuccessful) nomination of Neville Chamberlain.{{cite web|last1=Merelli|first1=Annelise|title=The darkly ironic 1939 letter nominating Adolf Hitler for the Nobel Peace Prize|url=https://qz.com/803976/adolf-hitler-was-nominated-for-the-nobel-peace-prize-in-a-darkly-ironic-letter-by-erik-gottfrid-christian-brandt/|website=Qz.com|date=7 October 2016|publisher=Quartz Media|access-date=10 November 2017|archive-date=11 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111151741/https://qz.com/803976/adolf-hitler-was-nominated-for-the-nobel-peace-prize-in-a-darkly-ironic-letter-by-erik-gottfrid-christian-brandt/|url-status=live}} Nominations from 1901 to 1971 have been released in a database.{{cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Nomination Archive |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/list.php?prize=5 |access-date=9 September 2020 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |archive-date=2 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202004848/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/list.php?prize=5 |url-status=live }}

Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a shortlist of candidates for further review is created. This shortlist is then considered by permanent advisers to the Nobel institute, which consists of the institute's Director and Research Director, and a small number of Norwegian academics with expertise in subject areas relating to the prize. Advisers usually have some months to complete reports, which are then considered by the committee to select the laureate. The Committee seeks to achieve a unanimous decision, but it is not always possible. The Nobel Committee typically comes to a conclusion in mid-September, but occasionally the final decision has not been made until the last meeting before the official announcement at the beginning of October.{{cite web| title =How are Laureates selected?| publisher =The Norwegian Nobel Committee| url =http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_committee/selection-process/| access-date =10 September 2009| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090831032749/http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/nomination_committee/selection-process| archive-date =31 August 2009| df =dmy-all}}

File:Jimmy Carter Library and Museum 145.JPG

The Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the King of Norway and the Norwegian royal family on 10 December each year (the anniversary of Nobel's death). The Peace Prize is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. The Nobel laureate receives a diploma, a medal, and a document confirming the prize amount.{{Cite web |title=What the Nobel Laureates Receive |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/prize.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030033639/http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/prize.html |archive-date=30 October 2007 |website=Nobel Foundation}} The money awarded varies over time, depending on the profitability of the Nobel bequest's investments and the exchange rate to the recipient's local currency. Around 2020, typical awards were on the order of roughly 10 million SEK, which translated to roughly 1 million USD.

Since 1990, the ceremony has taken place at Oslo City Hall.

From 1947 to 1989, the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony was held in the Atrium of the University of Oslo Faculty of Law, a few hundred meters from Oslo City Hall. Between 1905 and 1946, the ceremony took place at the Norwegian Nobel Institute. From 1901 to 1904, the ceremony took place in the Storting (Parliament).{{cite web |title=Prisutdelingen | Nobels fredspris |url=http://nobelpeaceprize.org/nb_NO/about_peaceprize/award_ceremony/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104042251/http://nobelpeaceprize.org/nb_NO/about_peaceprize/award_ceremony/ |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=13 October 2012 |publisher=The Norwegian Nobel Committee}}

{{Main|Nobel Prize medal}}

The medal for the Peace Prize was designed by the Norwegian sculptor Gustav Vigeland in 1901. Vigeland's profile sculpture of Alfred Nobel differs from Erik Lindberg's profile of Nobel on the chemistry, literature, physics, and physiology or medicine medals. The dies for Vigeland's peace medal were made by Lindberg as Vigeland was not an engraver.{{cite web|title=The Nobel Peace Prize Medal|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/the-nobel-peace-prize-medal/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305164617/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/the-nobel-peace-prize-medal/|archive-date=5 March 2019|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=20 June 2023}} The reverse of the medal features three men in a 'fraternal bond' and the inscription "Pro pace et fraternitate gentium" ("For the peace and brotherhood of men"). The edge of the medal is inscribed with the year of its awarding, with the name of its recipient and "Prix Nobel de la Paix".

{{Main list|List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates}}

File:Friedensnobelpreis 2001 Vereinte Nationen.jpg]]

{{As of|2023|October}}, the Peace Prize has been awarded to 111 individuals and 27 organizations; 19 women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than for any other Nobel Prize. Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981).{{Cite web |title=Facts on the Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=9 October 2022 |website=Nobel Foundation |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430064031/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-peace-prize/ |url-status=live }} Lê Đức Thọ is both the only person who refused to accept the Nobel Peace Prize and as of {{currentyear}}, the only Vietnamese who has won the prize.{{cite magazine |url = https://time.com/4061794/nobel-peace-prize-winner-history/ |title = Why a Nobel Peace Prize Was Once Rejected |last = Rothman |first = Lily |magazine = Time |date = 9 October 2015 |access-date = 16 October 2016 |archive-date = 21 October 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161021021921/http://time.com/4061794/nobel-peace-prize-winner-history/ |url-status = live }}

Some commentators have suggested that the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded in politically motivated ways for more recent or immediate achievements,{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nobel-peace-usa-sb-idUKTRE5983AM20091009|title=Obama Peace Prize win has some Americans asking why?|date=9 October 2009|newspaper=Reuters|last1=Nichols|first1=Michelle|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510083841/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-nobel-peace-usa-sb-idUKTRE5983AM20091009|url-status=live}} or with the intention of encouraging future achievements.{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=17 September 2015 |title=Obama's peace prize didn't have the desired effect, former Nobel official reveals |newspaper=The Washington Post |agency= |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/17/obamas-nobel-peace-prize-didnt-have-the-desired-effect-former-nobel-official-reveals/ |access-date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213121919/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/09/17/obamas-nobel-peace-prize-didnt-have-the-desired-effect-former-nobel-official-reveals/ |url-status=live }} Some commentators have suggested that to award a peace prize on the basis of unquantifiable contemporary opinion is unjust or possibly erroneous, especially as many of the judges cannot themselves be said to be impartial observers.{{cite news|last=Murphy|first=Clare|title=The Nobel: Dynamite or damp squib?|newspaper=BBC online|publisher=BBC News|date=10 August 2004|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3724734.stm|access-date=11 October 2009|archive-date=13 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913050013/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3724734.stm|url-status=live}} Further criticism holds that the Nobel Peace Prize has become increasingly politicized, in which people are awarded for aspirations rather than accomplishments, which has allowed for the prize to be used for political effect but can cause perverse consequences including the breakdown of fragile peace processes due to the failure to account for the realities of power politics.{{cite journal |last1=KREBS |first1=RONALD R. |title=The False Promise of the Nobel Peace Prize |journal=Political Science Quarterly |date=Winter 2009–10 |volume=124 |issue=4 |pages=593–625|doi=10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00660.x | jstor=25655740 }}

In 2011, a feature story in the Norwegian newspaper {{lang|no|Aftenposten}} contended that major criticisms of the award were that the Norwegian Nobel Committee ought to recruit members from professional and international backgrounds, rather than retired members of parliament; that there is too little openness about the criteria that the committee uses when they choose a recipient of the prize; and that the adherence to Nobel's will should be more strict. In the article, Norwegian historian Øivind Stenersen argues that Norway has been able to use the prize as an instrument for nation-building and furthering Norway's foreign policy and economic interests.{{cite news|last=Aspøy, Arild|author-link=Arild Aspøy|title=Fredsprisens gråsoner|newspaper=Aftenposten|date=4 October 2011|page=4|language=no|quote=Nobelkomiteen bør ta inn medlemmer med faglig og internasjonal bakgrunn... som gjøre en like god jobb som pensjonerte stortingsrepresentanter.}}

In another 2011 Aftenposten opinion article, the grandson of one of Nobel's two brothers, Michael Nobel, also criticised what he believed to be the politicisation of the award, claiming that the Nobel Committee has not always acted in accordance with Nobel's will.{{cite news | last = Nobel | first = Michael | title = I strid med Nobels vilje | newspaper = Aftenposten | location = Oslo, Norway | language = no | date = 9 December 2011 | url = http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/I-strid-med-Nobels-vilje-6717623.html | access-date = 12 December 2011 | archive-date = 7 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120107214919/http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/I-strid-med-Nobels-vilje-6717623.html | url-status = live }}

Author Christopher Hitchens called the Nobel Peace Prize "a huge bore and a fraud" in his memoir Hitch-22.

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Military cemeteries in every corner of the world are silent testimony to the failure of national leaders to sanctify human life.

:— Yitzhak Rabin, 1994 Nobel Peace Prize lecture[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1994/rabin-lecture.html 1994 Nobel Peace Prize lecture] (10 December 1994)

{{Main|Nobel Prize controversies}}

File:Jagland and Obama.jpg with Thorbjørn Jagland at the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize ceremony]]

Nobel Peace Prize controversies often reach beyond the academic community. Criticisms that have been levelled against some of the awards include allegations that they were politically motivated, premature, or guided by a faulty definition of what constitutes work for peace.{{Cite web |title=Controversies and criticisms |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/controversies-and-criticisms |website=Nobel Foundation |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223155703/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/controversies-and-criticisms/ |url-status=live }} The awards given to Mikhail Gorbachev,{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/16/world/evolution-europe-gorbachev-gets-nobel-peace-prize-for-foreign-police.html|title=Gorbachev Gets Nobel Peace Prize For Foreign Police Achievements|first=Sheila|last=Rule|date=16 October 1990|work=The New York Times|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111112350/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/16/world/evolution-europe-gorbachev-gets-nobel-peace-prize-for-foreign-police.html|url-status=live}} Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat,{{Cite book

| last = Said | first = Edward| title = Peace and Its Discontents: Essays on Palestine in the Middle East Peace Process| publisher = Vintage| year = 1996| isbn = 0-679-76725-8}}{{cite news|last=Gotlieb|first=Michael|title=Arafat tarnishes the Nobel trophy|newspaper=The San Diego Union – Tribune|page=B7|date=24 October 1994}} Lê Đức Thọ, Henry Kissinger,{{cite news|title=Worldwide criticism of Nobel peace awards|work=The Times|location=London|date=18 October 1973|url=https://login.thetimes.com/?gotoUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Ftto%2Farchive%2Farticle%2F1973-10-18%2F6%2F6.html|access-date=9 October 2021|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009094859/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/archive/article/1973-10-18/6/6.html|url-status=live}} Jimmy Carter,Douglas G. Brinkley. The Unfinished Presidency: Jimmy Carter's Journey to the Nobel Peace Prize (1999){{page needed|date=September 2020}} Barack Obama,{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34277960|title=Nobel chief regrets Obama peace prize|work=BBC News|date=17 September 2015|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012606/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34277960|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091009/ap_on_re_eu/eu_nobel_peace |access-date=9 October 2009 |title=Surprised, humbled Obama awarded Nobel Peace Prize |agency=Associated Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009114909/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091009/ap_on_re_eu/eu_nobel_peace |archive-date=9 October 2009 }}{{Citation|last=Otterman|first=Sharon|title=World Reaction to a Nobel Surprise|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 October 2009|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/09/world-reaction-to-a-nobel-surprise/?hp#bozoanchor|access-date=9 October 2009|archive-date=13 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013010920/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/09/world-reaction-to-a-nobel-surprise/?hp#bozoanchor|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-BarackObama/idUKTRE5983AM20091009?virtualBrandChannel=11621&sp=true|title=Obama Peace Prize win has some Americans asking why?|publisher=Reuters.com|access-date=28 August 2012|date=9 October 2009|archive-date=12 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012044415/http://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-BarackObama/idUKTRE5983AM20091009?virtualBrandChannel=11621&sp=true|url-status=live}} Abiy Ahmed,{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/world/africa/ethiopia-abiy-ahmed-nobel-war.html|title=The Nobel Peace Prize That Paved the Way for War|first=Declan|last=Walsh|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 December 2021|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215101039/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/world/africa/ethiopia-abiy-ahmed-nobel-war.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/10/03/did-a-nobel-peace-laureate-stoke-a-civil-war|title=Did a Nobel Peace Laureate Stoke a Civil War?|date=26 September 2022|magazine=The New Yorker|first=Jon Lee|last=Anderson|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=13 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213083920/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/10/03/did-a-nobel-peace-laureate-stoke-a-civil-war|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43567007|title=Ethiopia's Abiy Ahmed: The Nobel Prize winner who went to war|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2021|access-date=29 March 2024|archive-date=11 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011155046/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43567007|url-status=live}} and the European Union{{Cite news |last=Criscione |first=Valeria |date=7 December 2012 |title=Norwegian protesters say EU Nobel Peace Prize win devalues award |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2012/1207/Norwegian-protesters-say-EU-Nobel-Peace-Prize-win-devalues-award |access-date=8 January 2023 |issn=0882-7729 |archive-date=8 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108080132/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2012/1207/Norwegian-protesters-say-EU-Nobel-Peace-Prize-win-devalues-award |url-status=live }} have all been the subject of controversy. The 1973 award to Henry Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ may have been the most controversial, with two members of the selection committee resigning in protest and widespread derision in the press.Helge Rognlien. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Fri. 23 February 2024. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/bio-helge-rognlien {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211153249/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/bio-helge-rognlien/ |date=11 February 2023 }}Einar Hovdhaugen. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2024. Fri. 23 February 2024. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/bio-einar-hovdhaugen {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212215126/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/bio-einar-hovdhaugen/ |date=12 February 2023 }}{{Cite news |date=29 June 2000 |last=Tønnesson |first=Øyvind |title=Controversies and criticisms |work=Nobel Committee |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/controversies-and-criticisms/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226155737/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/controversies-and-criticisms/ |archive-date=26 February 2024}}{{Cite news |date=30 November 2023 |last=Nordlinger |first=Jay |title=Controversies and criticisms |work=The National Review |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/the-1973-nobel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226155933/https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/the-1973-nobel/ |archive-date=26 February 2024}}

Foreign Policy has listed Corazon Aquino, Mahatma Gandhi, Eleanor Roosevelt, U Thant, Václav Havel, Ken Saro-Wiwa, and Fazle Hasan Abed as people who "never won the prize, but should have."{{Cite news |last=Kenner |first=David |date=7 October 2009 |title=Nobel Peace Prize Also-Rans |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/07/nobel_peace_prize_also_rans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125073527/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/07/nobel_peace_prize_also_rans |archive-date=25 January 2010 |access-date=10 October 2009 |work=Foreign Policy}}{{Cite news |last=James |first=Frank |date=9 October 2009 |title=Nobel Peace Prize's Notable Omissions |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2009/10/nobel_peace_prizes_notable_omi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331054215/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2009/10/nobel_peace_prizes_notable_omi.html |archive-date=31 March 2015 |access-date=12 December 2011 |work=NPR}}

The omission of Mahatma Gandhi has been particularly widely discussed, including in public statements by various members of the Nobel Committee.{{Cite web |last=Tønnesson |first=Øyvind |date=7 July 2022 |title=Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/mahatma-gandhi-the-missing-laureate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920235427/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/mahatma-gandhi-the-missing-laureate/ |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=8 July 2022 |publisher=Nobel Foundation}}{{Cite web |title=Your Questions About the Nobel Peace Prize! |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prize_announcements/peace/ask_questions.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323125008/http://nobelprize.org/prize_announcements/peace/ask_questions.html |archive-date=23 March 2007 |website=Nobel Foundation}} The committee has confirmed that Gandhi was nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and, finally, a few days before his assassination in January 1948.{{Cite web |title=The Nomination Database for the Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–1956: Gandhi |url=http://nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/nomination.php?key1=candname&log1=LIKE&string1=gandhi&action=advsearch&log10=OR&key2=candname&log2=LIKE&string2=&log11=OR&key3=candname&log3=LIKE&string3=&startyear=&endyear=&order1=year&order2=nomname&order3=cand1name&submit2.x=0&submit2.y=0&submit2=Go |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207012955/http://nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/nomination.php?key1=candname&log1=LIKE&string1=gandhi&action=advsearch&log10=OR&key2=candname&log2=LIKE&string2=&log11=OR&key3=candname&log3=LIKE&string3=&startyear=&endyear=&order1=year&order2=nomname&order3=cand1name&submit2.x=0&submit2.y=0&submit2=Go |archive-date=7 December 2008 |access-date=13 October 2008 |website=Nobel Foundation}} The omission has been publicly regretted by later members of the Nobel Committee. Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace Prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question."{{Cite web |title=Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st Century |url=http://www.icrs.ugm.ac.id/wednesday-forum-schedule/111-relevance-of-gandhian-philosophy-in-the-21st-century |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915025114/http://www.icrs.ugm.ac.id/wednesday-forum-schedule/111-relevance-of-gandhian-philosophy-in-the-21st-century |archive-date=15 September 2011 |access-date=15 September 2011}} In 1948, following Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the ground that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year. Later, when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that it was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi."{{Cite web |title=Presentation Speech by Egil Aarvik, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1989/presentation-speech.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127192457/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1989/presentation-speech.html |archive-date=27 January 2011 |access-date=10 October 2014 |website=Nobel Foundation}}

• Gandhi Peace Prize
• Sakharov Prize

{{cite magazine|magazine=Fortune|title=Nobel Peace Prize winners actually get a lot of money. Here's how much they can expect.|author1-first=Chris|author1-last=Morris|date=2022-10-05|url=https://fortune.com/2022/10/05/nobel-peace-prize-winners-cash-reward/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20231211051240/https://fortune.com/2022/10/05/nobel-peace-prize-winners-cash-reward/|archive-date=11 December 2023|access-date=29 March 2024}}

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• [http://nobelpeaceprize.org "The Nobel Peace Prize"] – Official webpage of the Norwegian Nobel Committee
• [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/ "The Nobel Peace Prize"] at the official site of the Nobel Prize
• [https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/index.html "All Nobel Laureates in Peace"]
• [https://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/the-nobel-prize-award-ceremonies-and-banquets/ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies"]
• [http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/pea.html "National Peace Nobel Prize shares 1901–2009 by citizenship (or home of the organization) at the time of the award."] – From J. Schmidhuber (2010): [https://web.archive.org/web/20140327012415/http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/nobelshare.html Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century] at [https://arxiv.org/abs/1009.2634 arXiv:1009.2634v1]

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