Non-dimensionalization and scaling of the Navier–Stokes equations

{{main|Navier–Stokes equations|Non-dimensionalization|Scale invariance}}

In fluid mechanics, non-dimensionalization of the Navier–Stokes equations is the conversion of the Navier–Stokes equation to a nondimensional form. This technique can ease the analysis of the problem at hand, and reduce the number of free parameters. Small or large sizes of certain dimensionless parameters indicate the importance of certain terms in the equations for the studied flow. This may provide possibilities to neglect terms in (certain areas of) the considered flow. Further, non-dimensionalized Navier–Stokes equations can be beneficial if one is posed with similar physical situations – that is problems where the only changes are those of the basic dimensions of the system.

Scaling of Navier–Stokes equation refers to the process of selecting the proper spatial scales – for a certain type of flow – to be used in the non-dimensionalization of the equation. Since the resulting equations need to be dimensionless, a suitable combination of parameters and constants of the equations and flow (domain) characteristics have to be found. As a result of this combination, the number of parameters to be analyzed is reduced and the results may be obtained in terms of the scaled variables.

Need for non-dimensionalization and scaling

In addition to reducing the number of parameters, non-dimensionalized equation helps to gain a greater insight into the relative size of various terms present in the equation.Versteeg H.K, An introduction to computational fluid dynamics: the finite volume method, 2007, prentice hall, 9780131274983Patankar Suhas V., Numerical heat transfer and fluid flow, 1980, Taylor & Francis, 9780891165224

Following appropriate selecting of scales for the non-dimensionalization process, this leads to identification of small terms in the equation. Neglecting the smaller terms against the bigger ones allows for the simplification of the situation. For the case of flow without heat transfer, the non-dimensionalized Navier–Stokes equation depends only on the Reynolds Number and hence all physical realizations of the related experiment will have the same value of non-dimensionalized variables for the same Reynolds Number.Salvi Rodolfo, The Navier Stokes equation theory and numerical methods, 2002, M. Dekker, 9780824706722

Scaling helps provide better understanding of the physical situation, with the variation in dimensions of the parameters involved in the equation. This allows for experiments to be conducted on smaller scale prototypes provided that any physical effects which are not included in the non-dimensionalized equation are unimportant.

Non-dimensionalized Navier–Stokes equation

The incompressible Navier–Stokes momentum equation is written as:

: $\frac{\partial \mathbf{u}}{\partial t} + (\mathbf{u} \cdot \nabla) \mathbf{u} = -\frac 1 \rho \nabla p + \nu \nabla^2 \mathbf{u} + \mathbf{g}.$ {{cite book|last=Tritton|first=D.J. |author1-link=David Tritton |pages=55–58 |title=Physical fluid dynamics|year=1988|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford [England]|isbn=0198544898|edition=2nd}}

where ρ is the density, p is the pressure, ν is the kinematic viscosity, u is the flow velocity, and g is the body acceleration field.

The above equation can be non-dimensionalized through selection of appropriate scales as follows:

:

class="wikitable"
scope="col" style="width:200px;"\| Scale ! scope="col" style="width:200px;"\| dimensionless variable
Length L \| $\mathbf r^\ = \frac{\mathbf r}{L}$ and $\nabla^\ = L\nabla$
Flow velocity U \| $\mathbf u^*\ = \frac{\mathbf u}{U}\,$
Time L/U \| $t^*\ = \frac{t}{L/U}\,$
Pressure: there is no natural selection for the pressure scale. \| Where dynamic effects are dominant i.e. high velocity flows : $p^* = \frac{p}{\rho U^2}$ Where viscous effects are dominant i.e. creeping flows : $p^* = \frac{p L}{\mu U}$

class="wikitable"

scope="col" style="width:200px;"| Scale

! scope="col" style="width:200px;"| dimensionless variable

Length L

| $\mathbf r^*\ = \frac{\mathbf r}{L}$ and $\nabla^*\ = L\nabla$

Flow velocity U

| $\mathbf u^*\ = \frac{\mathbf u}{U}\,$

Time L/U

| $t^*\ = \frac{t}{L/U}\,$

Pressure: there is no natural selection for the pressure scale.

| Where dynamic effects are dominant i.e. high velocity flows

: $p^* = \frac{p}{\rho U^2}$

Where viscous effects are dominant i.e. creeping flows

: $p^* = \frac{p L}{\mu U}$

Substituting the scales the non-dimensionalized equation obtained is:

{{NumBlk|:| $\frac{\partial \mathbf{u^*}}{\partial t^*} + (\mathbf{u^*} \cdot \nabla^*) \mathbf{u^*}\ = -\nabla^* p^* + \frac{1}{Re} \nabla^{*2} \mathbf{u^*} + \frac{1}{Fr^2} \hat{g}.$ {{cite book|last=Fox|first=Robert W.|author2=Alan T. McDonald |author3=Philip J. Pritchard |title=Introduction to fluid mechanics|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontofl00foxr_614|url-access=limited|year=2006|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=9780471735588|edition=6th|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontofl00foxr_614/page/n226 213]–215}}

|{{EquationRef|1}}}}

where $Fr$ is the Froude number and $Re$ is the Reynolds number ( $Re = UL/\nu$ ).

= Flows with large viscosity =

For flows where viscous forces are dominant i.e. slow flows with large viscosity, a viscous pressure scale μU/L is used. In the absence of a free surface, the equation obtained is

{{NumBlk|:| $Re \left( \frac{\partial \mathbf{u^*}}{\partial t^*} + (\mathbf{u^*} \cdot \nabla^* )\mathbf{u^*} \right)\ = -\nabla^* p^* + \nabla^{*2} \mathbf{u^*}.$

|{{EquationRef|2}}}}

= Stokes regime =

Scaling of equation ({{EquationNote|1}}) can be done, in a flow where inertia term is smaller than the viscous term i.e. when Re → 0 then inertia terms can be neglected, leaving the equation of a creeping motion.

: $Re \frac{\partial \mathbf{u^*}}{\partial t^*} = -\nabla^* p^* + \nabla^{*2} \mathbf{u^*}.$

Such flows tend to have influence of viscous interaction over large distances from an object.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} At low Reynolds number the same equation reduces to a diffusion equation, named Stokes equation

: $-\nabla^* p^* + \nabla^{*2} \mathbf{u^*}= \mathbf 0.$

= Euler regime =

Similarly if Re → ∞ i.e. when the inertia forces dominates, the viscous contribution can be neglected. The non-dimensionalized Euler equation for an inviscid flow is

: $\frac{\partial \mathbf{u^*}}{\partial t} + (\mathbf{u^*} \cdot \nabla^* )\mathbf{u^*}\ = -\nabla^* p^*.$ {{cite book|last=White|first=Frank M.|title=Fluid mechanics|url=https://archive.org/details/fluidmechanics00whit_184|url-access=limited|year=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=Boston|isbn=9780072402179|edition=5th|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fluidmechanics00whit_184/page/n198 188]–189}}

= When density varies due to both concentration and temperature =

Density variation due to both concentration and temperature is an important field of study in double diffusive convection. If density changes due to both temperature and salinity are taken into account, then some more terms add to the Z-Component of momentum as follows:On the relationship between finger width, velocity, and fluxes in thermohaline convection, 2009, K. R. Sreenivas, O. P. Singh & J. Srinivasan, Phys. Fluids (American Institute of Physics) 21(2), pp. 026601.

Approximation of the hydrostatic Navier–Stokes system for density stratified flows by a multilayer model. Kinetic interpretation and numerical validation, E. Audusse, M.-O. Bristeau, M. Pelanti, J. Sainte-Marie, Université Paris 13, Institut Galilée, 99 avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France. INRIA Rocquencourt, B.P. 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex, France. Saint-Venant Laboratory, 6 quai Watier, 78400 Chatou, France.

: $\frac{\partial W}{\partial t} + U \frac{\partial W}{\partial X} + W \frac{\partial W}{\partial Z}\ = -\frac{1}{\rho_o}\frac{\partial p_d}{\partial Z} + v \left(\frac{\partial^2 W}{\partial X^2} + \frac{\partial^2 W}{\partial Z^2}\right)\ - g \left(\beta_{s}\nabla{S} - \beta_{T}\nabla{T}\right)$

Where S is the salinity of the fluid, β_T is the thermal expansion coefficient at constant pressure and β_S is the coefficient of saline expansion at constant pressure and temperature.

Non dimensionalizing using the scale:

: $S^* = \frac{S - S_B}{S_T - S_B}$ and $T^* = \frac{T - T_B}{T_T - T_B}$

we get

: $\frac{\partial W^*}{\partial t^*} + U^* \frac{\partial W^*}{\partial X^*} + W^* \frac{\partial W^*}{\partial Z^*}\ = -\frac{\partial p_d}{\partial Z^*} + Pr \left(\frac{\partial^2 W^*}{\partial X^{*2}} + \frac{\partial^2 W^*}{\partial Z^{*2}}\right)\ - {Ra_s Pr_s S} + {Ra_T Pr_T T}$

where S_T, T_T denote the salinity and temperature at top layer, S_B, T_B denote the salinity and temperature at bottom layer, Ra is the Rayleigh Number, and Pr is the Prandtl Number. The sign of Ra_S and Ra_T will change depending on whether it stabilizes or destabilizes the system.

References

=Footnotes=

=Other=

{{cite web|title=Non-dimensionalizing Navier–Stokes|url=http://www.cfd-online.com/Forums/main/94617-non-dimensionalizing-navier-stokes.html|publisher=CFD Online|accessdate=11 October 2012}}
T.Cebeci J.RShao, F. Kafyeke E. Laurendeau, Computational Fluid Dynamics for Engineers, Springer, 2005
C. Pozrikidis, FLUID DYNAMICS Theory, Computation, and Numerical Simulation, KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS, 2001

Y. Cengel and J. Cimbala, FLUID MECHANICS: Fundamentals and Applications, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill Education, 2018 (see p521, section 10.2. Nondimensionalized Equations of Motion).