| style="margin:1em auto;"
|+ Table 2: Overview of non-native Databases |
| {| class="wikitable sortable"
! Corpus
! Author
! Available at
! Languages
! #Speakers
! Native Language
! #Utt.
! Duration
! Date
! Remarks |
AMI [AMI Project, "AMI Meeting Corpus" [http://corpus.amiproject.org/].]
|
| EU
| E
|
| Dut and other
|
| 100h
|
| meeting recordings |
ATR-Gruhn [R. Gruhn, T. Cincarek, and S. Nakamura, "A multi-accent non-native English database", in ASJ, 2004.]
| Gruhn
| ATR
| E
| 96
| C G F J Ind
| 15000
|
| 2004
| proficiency rating |
BAS Strange Corpus 1+10 [University Munich, "Bavarian archive for speech signals strange corpus", [http://www.phonetik.uni-muenchen.de/Bas/].]
|
| ELRA
| G
| 139
| 50 countries
| 7500
|
| 1998
| |
Berkeley Restaurant [Jurafsky et al., "The Berkeley Restaurant Project", Proc. ICSLP 1994.]
|
| ICSI
| E
| 55
| G I H C F S J
| 2500
|
| 1994
| |
Broadcast News [L. Tomokiyo, Recognizing Non-native Speech: Characterizing and Adapting to Non-native Usage in Speech Recognition, Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania, 2001.]
|
| LDC
| E
|
|
|
|
| 1997
| |
Cambridge-Witt [S. Witt, Use of Speech Recognition in Computer-Assisted Language Learning, Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge University Engineering Department, UK, 1999.]
| Witt
| U. Cambridge
| E
| 10
| J I K S
| 1200
|
| 1999
| |
Cambridge-Ye [H. Ye and S. Young, Improving the speech recognition performance of beginners in spoken conversational interaction for language learning, in Proc. Interspeech, Lisbon, Portugal, 2005.]
| Ye
| U. Cambridge
| E
| 20
| C
| 1600
|
| 2005
| |
Children News [L. Tomokiyo, Recognizing Non-native Speech: Characterizing and Adapting to Non-native Usage in Speech Recognition, Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania, 2001.]
| Tomokiyo
| CMU
| E
| 62
| J C
| 7500
|
| 2000
| partly spontaneous |
CLIPS-IMAG [T. P. Tan and L. Besacier, A French non-native corpus for automatic speech recognition, in LREC, Genoa, Italy, 2006.]
| Tan
| CLIPS-IMAG
| F
| 15
| C V
|
| 6h
| 2006
| |
CLSU [T. Lander, CSLU: Foreign accented English release 1.2, Tech. Rep., LDC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2007.]
|
| LDC
| E
|
| 22 countries
| 5000
|
| 2007
| telephone, spontaneous |
CMU [Z. Wang, T. Schultz, and A. Waibel, Comparison of acoustic model adaptation techniques on non-native speech, in Proc. ICASSP, 2003.]
|
| CMU
| E
| 64
| G
| 452
| 0.9h
|
| not available |
Cross Towns [S. Schaden, Regelbasierte Modellierung fremdsprachlich akzentbehafteter Aussprachevarianten, Ph.D. thesis, University Duisburg-Essen, 2006.]
| Schaden
| U. Bochum
| E F G I Cze Dut
| 161
| E F G I S
| 72000
| 133h
| 2006
| city names |
Duke-Arslan [L. M. Arslan and J. H. Hansen, Frequency characteristics of foreign accented speech, in Proc. of ICASSP, Munich, Germany, 1997, pp. 1123-1126.]
| Arslan
| Duke University
| E
| 93
| 15 countries
| 2200
|
| 1995
| partly telephone speech |
ERJ [N. Minematsu et al., Development of English speech database read by Japanese to support CALL research, in ICA, Kyoto, Japan, 2004, pp. 577-560.]
| Minematsu
| U. Tokyo
| E
| 200
| J
| 68000
|
| 2002
| proficiency rating |
Fischer [Christopher Cieri, David Miller, Kevin Walker, The Fisher Corpus: a Resource for the Next Generations of Speech-to-Text, Proc. LREC 2004]
|
| LDC
| E
|
| many
|
| 200h
|
| telephone speech |
Fitt [S. Fitt, The pronunciation of unfamiliar native and non-native town names, in Proc. of Eurospeech, 1995, pp. 2227-2230.]
| Fitt
| U. Edinburgh
| F I N Gre
| 10
| E
| 700
|
| 1995
| city names |
Fraenki [G. Stemmer, E. Noeth, and H. Niemann, Acoustic modeling of foreign words in a German speech recognition system, in Proc. Eurospeech, P. Dalsgaard, B. Lindberg, and H. Benner, Eds., 2001, vol. 4, pp. 2745-2748.]
|
| U. Erlangen
| E
| 19
| G
| 2148
|
|
| |
Hispanic [W. Byrne, E. Knodt, S. Khudanpur, and J. Bernstein, Is automatic speech recognition ready for non-native speech? A data-collection effort and initial experiments in modeling conversational Hispanic English, in STiLL, Marholmen, Sweden, 1998, pp. 37-40.]
| Byrne
|
| E
| 22
| S
|
| 20h
| 1998
| partly spontaneous |
HLTC [Y. Li, P. Fung, P. Xu, and Y. Liu, Asymmetric acoustic modeling for mixed language speech recognition, in ICASSP, Prague, Czech, 2011, pp. 37-40.]
|
| HKUST
| E
| 44
| C
|
| 3h
| 2010
| available on request |
IBM-Fischer [V. Fischer, E. Janke, and S. Kunzmann, Recent progress in the decoding of non-native speech with multilingual acoustic models, in Proc. of Eurospeech, 2003, pp. 3105-3108.]
|
| IBM
| E
| 40
| S F G I
| 2000
|
| 2002
| digits |
iCALL [Nancy F. Chen, Rong Tong, Darren Wee, Peixuan Lee, Bin Ma, Haizhou Li, iCALL Corpus: Mandarin Chinese Spoken by Non-Native Speakers of European Descent, in Proc. of Interspeech, 2015.][Nancy F. Chen, Vivaek Shivakumar, Mahesh Harikumar, Bin Ma, Haizhou Li. Large-Scale Characterization of Mandarin Pronunciation Errors Made by native Speakers of European Languages, in Proc. of Interspeech, 2013.]
| Chen
| I2R, A*STAR
| C
| 305
| 24 countries
| 90841
| 142h
| 2015
| phonetic and tonal transcriptions (in Pinyin), proficiency ratings |
ISLE [W. Menzel, E. Atwell, P. Bonaventura, D. Herron, P. Howarth, R. Morton, and C. Souter, The ISLE corpus of non-native spoken English, in LREC, Athens, Greece, 2000, pp. 957-963.]
| Atwell
| EU/ELDA
| E
| 46
| G I
| 4000
| 18h
| 2000
| |
Jupiter [K. Livescu, Analysis and modeling of non-native speech for automatic speech recognition, M.S. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1999.]
| Zue
| MIT
| E
| unknown
| unknown
| 5146
|
| 1999
| telephone speech |
K-SEC [S-C. Rhee and S-H. Lee and S-K. Kang and Y-J. Lee, Design and Construction of Korean-Spoken English Corpus (K-SEC), Proc. ICSLP 2004]
| Rhee
| SiTEC
| E
| unknown
| K
|
|
| 2004
| |
LDC WSJ1 [L. Tomokiyo, Recognizing Non-native Speech: Characterizing and Adapting to Non-native Usage in Speech Recognition, Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania, 2001.]
|
| LDC
|
| 10
|
| 800
| 1h
| 1994
| |
LeaP [Gut, U., Non-native Speech. A Corpus-based Analysis of Phonological and Phonetic Properties of L2 English and German, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2009.]
| Gut
| University of Münster
| E G
| 127
| 41 different ones
| 73.941 words
| 12h
| 2003
| |
MIST [TNO Human Factors Research Institute, Mist multi-lingual interoperability in speech technology database, Tech. Rep., ELRA, Paris, France, 2007, ELRA Catalog Reference S0238.]
|
| ELRA
| E F G
| 75
| Dut
| 2200
|
| 1996
| |
NATO HIWIRE [J.C. Segura et al., The HIWIRE database, a noisy and non-native English speech corpus for cockpit communication, 2007, [http://www.hiwire.org/].]
|
| NATO
| E
| 81
| F Gre I S
| 8100
|
| 2007
| clean speech |
NATO M-ATC [S. Pigeon, W. Shen, and D. van Leeuwen, Design and characterization of the non-native military air traffic communications database, in ICSLP, Antwerp, Belgium, 2007.]
| Pigeon
| NATO
| E
| 622
| F G I S
| 9833
| 17h
| 2007
| heavy background noise |
NATO N4 [L. Benarousse et al., The NATO native and non-native (n4) speech corpus, in Proc. of the MIST workshop (ESCA-NATO), Leusden, Sep 1999.]
|
| NATO
| E
| 115
| unknown
|
| 7.5h
| 2006
| heavy background noise |
Onomastica [Onomastica Consortium, The ONOMASTICA interlanguage pronunciation lexicon, in Proc. Eurospeech, Madrid, Spain, 1995, pp. 829-832.]
|
|
| align="CENTER" | D Dut E F G Gre I N P S Swe
|
|
| (121000)
|
| 1995
| only lexicon |
PF-STAR [C. Hacker, T. Cincarek, A. Maier, A. Hessler, and E. Noeth, Boosting of prosodic and pronunciation features to detect mispronunciations of non-native children, in Proc. of ICASSP, Honolulu, Hawai, 2007, pp. 197-200.]
|
| U. Erlangen
| E
| 57
| G
| 4627
| 3.4h
| 2005
| children speech |
Sunstar [C. Teixeira, I. Trancoso, and A. Serralheiro, Recognition of non-native accents, in Proc. Eurospeech, Rhodes, Greece, 1997, pp. 2375-2378.]
|
| EU
| E
| 100
| G S I P D
| 40000
|
| 1992
| parliament speech |
TC-STAR [H. Heuvel, K. Choukri, C. Gollan, A. Moreno, and D. Mostefa, TC-STAR: New language resources for ASR and SLT purposes, in LREC, Genoa, 2006, pp. 2570-2573.]
| Heuvel
| ELDA
| E S
| unknown
| EU countries
|
| 13h
| 2006
| multiple data sets |
TED [L.F. Lamel, F. Schiel, A. Fourcin, J. Mariani, and H. Tillmann, The translanguage English database TED, in ICSLP, Yokohama, Japan, Sep 1994.]
| Lamel
| ELDA
| E
| 40(188)
| many
|
| 10h(47h)
| 1994
| eurospeech 93 |
TLTS [N. Mote, L. Johnson, A. Sethy, J. Silva, and S. Narayanan, Tactical language detection and modeling of learner speech errors: The case of Arabic tactical language training for American English speakers, in Proc. of InSTIL, June 2004.]
|
| DARPA
| A
|
| E
|
| 1h
| 2004
| |
Tokyo-Kikuko [K. Nishina, Development of Japanese speech database read by non-native speakers for constructing CALL system, in ICA, Kyoto, Japan, 2004, pp. 561-564.]
|
| U. Tokyo
| J
| 140
| 10 countries
| 35000
|
| 2004
| proficiency rating |
Verbmobil [University Munich, The Verbmobil project, [http://www.phonetik.uni-muenchen.de/Forschung/Verbmobil/VerbOverview.html].]
|
| U. Munich
| E
| 44
| G
|
| 1.5h
| 1994
| very spontaneous |
VODIS [I. Trancoso, C. Viana, I. Mascarenhas, and C. Teixeira, On deriving rules for nativised pronunciation in navigation queries, in Proc. Eurospeech, 1999.]
|
| EU
| F G
| 178
| F G
| 2500
|
| 1998
| about car navigation |
WP Arabic [A. LaRocca and R. Chouairi, West point Arabic speech corpus, Tech. Rep., LDC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2002.]
| Rocca
| LDC
| A
| 35
| E
| 800
| 1h
| 2002
| |
WP Russian [A. LaRocca and C. Tomei, West point Russian speech corpus, Tech. Rep., LDC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2003.]
| Rocca
| LDC
| R
| 26
| E
| 2500
| 2h
| 2003
| |
WP Spanish [J. Morgan, West point heroico Spanish speech, Tech. Rep., LDC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2006.]
| Morgan
| LDC
| S
|
| E
|
|
| 2006
| |
WSJ Spoke [I. Amdal, F. Korkmazskiy, and A. C. Surendran, Joint pronunciation modelling of non-native speakers using data-driven methods, in ICSLP, Beijing, China, 2000, pp. 622-625.]
|
|
| E
| 10
| unknown
| 800
|
| 1993
| |