Noongar language

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text="Map of Perth showing Noongar names for places where recorded in the OpenStreetMap project,{{sfnp |Perth Metropolitan Area }} and English names where they are not. Names recorded for features such as Swan River, Perth Oval and Lake Monger are not shown in this map. {{As of |2025|03}}, there are 103 instances of the 'name:nys' tag used to record Noongar names in OpenStreetMap."

lang="nys" />

It is generally agreed that there was no single, standard Noongar (or Nyungar) language before European settlement: it was a subgroup (or possibly a dialect continuum) of closely related languages, whose speakers were differentiated geographically and, in some cases, by cultural practices. The dialects merged into the modern Noongar language following colonisation. A 1990 conference organised by the Nyoongar Language Project Advisory Panel recognised that the Noongar subgroup included at least three distinct languages. This was highlighted by the 2011 Noongar Dictionary, edited by Bernard Rooney, which was based on the Yuat (Juat) variety, from the northwest part of the Noongar subgroup area.{{sfnp |Rooney |2011 }}

The highlighted area of the map shown here may correspond to the Noongar subgroup. The subdivisions shown correspond to individual varieties. In modern Noongar, these varieties have merged. There is controversy in some cases as to whether all of these varieties were part of the original Noongar subgroup. Some may have been distinct languages and some may have belonged to neighbouring subgroups.

Many linguists{{who|date= June 2021}} believe that the northernmost language shown, Amangu, was not part of the Noongar subgroup, was instead a part of the Kartu subgroup, and may have been a dialect of the Kartu language Nhanda. (As such, Amangu may have been synonymous with a dialect known as Nhanhagardi, which has also been classified, at different times, as a part of Nhanda, Noongar, or Widi.)

There is a general consensus that the following varieties belong to the Noongar subgroup:{{sfnp |Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies |n.d. }} Wudjari, Minang, Bibelman (a.k.a. Pibelman; Bibbulman),{{efn|Spelling may vary, especially in the case of "Bilelman" and "Nadji Nadji", which are apparent errors for Bibbulman and Njakinjaki.}} Kaneang (Kaniyang), Wardandi, Balardung (a.k.a. Ballardong; which probably included Tjapanmay/Djabanmai), and Yuat (Juat). Wiilman, Whadjuk (Wajuk) and Pinjarup are also usually regarded as dialects of Noongar, although this identification is not completely secure.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} The Koreng (Goreng) people are thought to have spoken a dialect of, or closely related to, Wudjari, in which case their language would have been part of the Noongar subgroup.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} Njakinjaki (Nyakinyaki) was possibly a dialect of Kalaamaya – a language related to, but separate from, the original Noongar subgroup. It is not clear if the Njunga (or Nunga) dialect was significantly different from Wudjari. However, according to Norman Tindale, the Njunga people rejected the name Wudjari and had adopted some of the customs of their non-Noongar-speaking eastern neighbours, the Ngadjunmaya.{{sfnp |South Australian Museum |2019 }}

The Noongar names for birds were included in Serventy and Whittell's Birds of Western Australia (1948), noting their regional variations.{{sfnp |Abbott |2009 }}{{page needed |date=April 2025}} A later review and synthesis of recorded names and consultation with Noongars produced a list of recommended orthography and pronunciation for birds (2009) occurring in the region.{{sfnp |Abbott |2009 }}{{page needed |date=April 2025}} The author, Ian Abbott, also published these recommendations for plants (1983) and mammals (2001), and proposed that these replace other vernacular in common use.{{sfnp |Abbott |2001 }}

A number of small wordlists were recorded in the early days of the Swan River Colony, for example Robert Menli Lyon's 1833 publication A Glance at the Manners and Language of Aboriginal Inhabitants of Western Australia. Lyon acquired much of his information from Yagan while Yagan was incarcerated on Carnac Island. Despite the significance of Lyon's work in being the first of its kind, George Fletcher Moore described Lyon's work as "containing many inaccuracies and much that was fanciful".{{sfnp |Bindon |Chadwick |2011 }}{{page needed |date=April 2025}}

During August and October 1839 the Perth Gazette published Vocabulary of the Aboriginal people of Western Australia, written by Lieutenant Grey of HM 83rd Regiment.{{sfnp |Australian Dictionary of Biography |1966 }}{{sfnp |Grey |1839a }} Grey spent twelve months studying the languages of the Noongar people and came to the conclusion that there was much in common between them. Just prior to publication, he received from Mr Bussel of the Busselton district a list of 320 words from that region which was near identical to those he had collected in the Swan River region. Much to Grey's disappointment, his work was published in an unfinished list as he was leaving the colony, but he believed that the publication would assist in communication between settlers and Noongar people. Also noted by Grey was that the Noongar language had no soft {{angbr|c}} sound, there was no use of {{angbr|f}} and that {{angbr|h}} was very rarely used and never at the start of a word.{{sfnp |Grey |1839b }}

Serious documentation of the Noongar language began in 1842 with the publication of A Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language in Common Use Amongst the Aborigines of Western Australia by George Fletcher Moore, later republished in 1884 as part of Moore's diary. This work included a substantial wordlist of Noongar. The first modern linguistic research on Noongar was carried out by Gerhardt Laves on the variety known as "Koreng", near Albany in 1930, but this material was lost for many years and has only recently been recovered. Beginning in the 1930s and then more intensively in the 1960s Wilfrid Douglas learnt and studied Noongar, eventually producing a grammar, dictionary, and other materials.{{sfnp |Douglas |1996 }}

More recently, Noongar people have taken a major role in this work as researchers, for example Rose Whitehurst who compiled the Noongar Dictionary in her work for the Noongar Language and Culture Centre.{{sfnp |Whitehurst |1997 }} In 2012 Tim McCabe finished a PhD on Noongar place names, songs and stories,{{sfnp |McCabe |2012 }} having been taught a variety of the language by Clive Humphreys of Kellerberrin, and is teaching Noongar to inmates in Perth prisons.{{citation needed |date=September 2022}}

Peter Bindon and Ross Chadwick have compiled an authoritative cross referenced "A Nyoongar Wordlist: from the South West of Western Australia", by assembling material from all of the above writers{{specify |reason=This statement is likely to fall out of sync as writers' names are added, moved, or removed. |date=September 2022}} in their original spelling. It is clear from this reference that the orthographies used reflected not only dialectical differences, but also how the various authors "heard" and transcribed spoken Noongar.{{sfnp |Bindon |Chadwick |2011 }}

{{Infobox language

| name = Neo-Nyungar

| region = SW Australia

| speakers = 443

| date = 2016 census

| ref = {{sfnp |Eberhard |Simons |Fennig |2025a }}{{failed verification |reason=citation is for Nyungar, not Neo-Nyungar, and it says nothing about 443 speakers in 2016 |date=April 2025}}

| familycolor = Indo-European

| fam2 = Germanic

| fam3 = West Germanic

| fam4 = Anglic

| fam5 = English

| fam6 = Australian English

| isoexception = dialect

| linglist = eng-neo

| glotto = none

}}

An English dialect with Noongar admixture, known as Neo-Nyungar, is the community dialect of the Nyungar people.{{sfnp |Eberhard |Simons |Fennig |2025b }}{{failed verification |reason=citation is for English which says nothing about Nyungar |date=April 2025}}{{sfnp |Eberhard |Simons |Fennig |2025a }}{{failed verification |reason=citation is for Nyungar which (1) says it isn't being taught in schools which is false and (2) does not support the passage here |date=April 2025}}

On the 2016 census, 443 people identified themselves as speaking Noongar at home.{{sfnp |Australian Bureau of Statistics |2022 }}

Since the late 20th century, there has been increased interest in reviving the Noongar/Nyungar language, including teaching it at many schools throughout the south west of Western Australia. {{As of |2022}} it is one of the 24 Aboriginal languages being taught at 68 schools in Western Australia to around 10,000 students.{{sfnp |Bourke |2022 }}{{sfnp |Wynne |2021 }} Curtin University offers an open online Noongar language and culture course.{{sfnp |Curtin University |2025 }}

The Noongar Language and Culture Centre was set up at the Bunbury Aboriginal Progress Association in 1986, and grew to include offices in Northam and Perth. Authors such as Charmaine Bennell have released several books in the language.{{sfnp |Batchelor Press |2013 }} Educators Glenys Collard and Rose Whitehurst started recording elders speaking using Noongar language in 1990.{{sfnp |Kennedy |2010 }}

In 1997 at a meeting of around 200 Noongar people at Marribank, a standard orthography was agreed on for teaching the language in schools. A unanimous vote decided that the language would be spelt "Nyoongar", but later, as teaching and learning resources were being developed for the Languages Other Than English (LOTE) curriculum which would be taught in schools, it was decided to change to "Noongar".{{sfnp |Noongar Boodjar Language Cultural Aboriginal Corporation |2025a }}

By 2010, 37 schools in the South West and Perth were teaching the language.{{sfnp |Kennedy |2010 }}

In 2014, the Noongar Boodjar Language Cultural Aboriginal Corporation (NBLCAC) was incorporated, and the Commonwealth Government provided funding for four years from 2015 under the Indigenous Languages Support program to establish the Noongar Language Centre.{{sfnp |Noongar Boodjar Language Cultural Aboriginal Corporation |2025a }} The offices are located in Cannington.{{sfnp |Noongar Boodjar Language Cultural Aboriginal Corporation |2025b }}

File:NYS Djena djen.ogg mob, written by Wirlomin Noongar Language and Stories Project]]

In 2015 Professor Len Collard from the School of Indigenous Studies at the University of Western Australia challenged the science behind the claim that it is an endangered language, citing the lack of rigour in the data. Collard began leading a project to create the "Noongarpedia", recording the language in a wiki format, allowing for expansion over time.{{sfnp |Collard |2015 }} The project is continuing {{as of|April 2021|lc=yes}}, with the site growing in the Wikimedia Incubator. It is the first Wikipedia in an Aboriginal Australian language site, but it is intended to be bilingual, so as to be used as a teaching aid in schools.{{sfnp |Woods |2016 }}

Singer-songwriter Gina Williams has promoted the use of the language through song, including lullabies for children and a translation of the song "Moon River".{{sfnp |Turner |2020 }}

An adaption and translation of the Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth into Noongar was performed at the 2020 Perth Festival. The play, named Hecate, is produced by Yirra Yaakin Theatre Company with Bell Shakespeare, and performed by an all-Noongar cast. The play took years to translate, and has sparked wider interest in reviving the language.{{sfnp |Turner |2020 }}{{sfnp |Perth Festival |2019 }}

On July 2022, rock band King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard released a special edition of their album Butterfly 3000 with all its 10 songs translated into Noongar by Merinda Hansen and Lois Spehn-Jackson; all proceedings of this edition are donated to the Langford Aboriginal Association.{{sfnp |NITV News |2022 }}

Several mobile apps have been created that use Noongar language, both written and spoken. These include a plant identification app,{{sfnp |Rahaman |Johnston |Champion |2021 |pp=22–37 }} dictionary,{{sfnp |Kart Koort Wiern |2015 }} and cultural information.{{sfnp |Department of Parks and Wildlife |2019 }}

The following are the sounds in the Noongar language:{{sfnp |Whitehurst |1997 }}

/r/ can be heard as either [r, ɾ] or a glide [ɹ].

File:Koomba marak.webm

Noongar grammar is fairly typical of Pama–Nyungan languages in that it is agglutinating, with words and phrases formed by the addition of affixes to verb and noun stems.{{sfnp |Baker |2014 |p=164 }} Word order in Noongar is free, but generally tends to follow a subject–object–verb pattern.{{sfnp |Spehn-Jackson |2015 |p=12 }} Because there are several varieties of Noongar,{{sfnp |Bates |1914 |p=77 }} aspects of grammar, syntax and orthography are highly regionally variable.

Like most Australian languages, Noongar has a complex tense and aspect system.{{sfnp |Stirling |Dench |2012 |p=3 }} The plain verb stem functions as both the infinitive and the present tense. Verb phrases are formed by adding suffixes or adverbs to the verb stem.{{sfnp |Symmons |1842 |p=xvii }}

The following adverbs are used to indicate grammatical tense or aspect.{{sfnp |Symmons |1842 |p=xvii }}{{sfnp |Spehn-Jackson |2015 |p=16 }}

• {{Lang|nys|boorda}}{{in5|11}}later ({{Lang|nys|boorda ngaarn}}, "will eat later")
• {{Lang|nys|mila}} {{in5|14}}future ({{Lang|nys|mila ngaarn}}, "will eat after a while")
• {{Lang|nys|doora}} {{in5|12}}conditional ({{Lang|nys|doora ngaarn}}, "should eat")

Some tense/aspect distinctions are indicated by use of a verb suffix. In Noongar, the past or preterite tense is the same as the past participle.{{sfnp |Symmons |1842 |p=xvii }}

• -iny{{in5|11}}progressive ({{Lang|nys|ngaarniny}}, "eating")
• -ga{{in5|12}}past ({{Lang|nys|ngaarnga}}, "ate, had eaten")

A few adverbs are used with the past tense to indicate the amount of time since the event of the verb took place.{{sfnp |Symmons |1842 |p=xvii }}

• {{Lang|nys|gorah}} {{in5|13}}a long time ({{Lang|nys|gorah gaarnga}}, "ate a long time ago")
• {{Lang|nys|karamb}}{{in5|11}}a short time ({{Lang|nys|karamb ngaarnga}}, "ate a little while ago")
• {{Lang|nys|gori}}{{in5|17}}just now ({{Lang|nys|gori ngaarnga}}, "just ate")

There are no articles in Noongar.{{sfnp |Spehn-Jackson |2015 |p=11 }}{{sfnp |Bates |1914 |p=66 }}

Nouns (as well as adjectives) take a variety of suffixes which indicate grammatical case, specifically relating to motion or direction, among other distinctions.{{sfnp |Symmons |1842 |p=viii }}{{sfnp |Spehn-Jackson |2015 |pp=18–19 }}

File:Nys colours with en gnangarra.webm

The direct object of a sentence (what might be called the dative) can also be expressed with the locative suffix -ak.{{sfnp |Spehn-Jackson |2015 |p=18 }}{{sfnp |Symmons |1842 |p=xiii }}

Grammatical number is likewise expressed by the addition of suffixes. Nouns that end in vowels take the plural suffix -man, whereas nouns that end in consonants take -gar.{{sfnp |Bates |1914 |p=68 }}{{sfnp |Symmons |1842 |p=ix }} Inanimate nouns, that is, nouns that do not denote human beings, can also be pluralized by the simple addition of a numeral.{{sfnp |Symmons |1842 |p=ix }}

Noongar pronouns are declined exactly as nouns, taking the same endings.{{sfnp |Symmons |1842 |p=xiii }}{{sfnp |Spehn-Jackson |2015 |p=20 }} Thus, possessive pronouns are formed by the addition of the regular genitive suffix -ang.{{sfnp |Spehn-Jackson |2015 |p=20 }} Conversely, object pronouns are formed by the addition of the -any suffix.{{sfnp |Spehn-Jackson |2015 |p=20 }} Notably, there does not appear to be a great deal of pronominal variation across dialectal lines.{{sfnp |Bates |1914 |p=68 }}

::

Noongar features a set of dual number pronouns which identify interpersonal relationships based on kinship or marriage. The "fraternal" dual pronouns are used by and for people who are siblings or close friends, "paternal" dual pronouns are used by and for people who are paternal relatives (parent-child, uncle-niece and so forth),{{sfnp |Symmons |1842 |p=xiv }} and "marital" pronouns are used by and for people who are married to each other or are in-laws.{{sfnp |Symmons |1842 |p=xv }}

::

Typically, if the subject of a sentence is not qualified by a numeral or adjective, a subject-marker pronoun is used. Thus: {{Lang|nys|yongka baal boyak yaakiny}} (lit. "kangaroo it on-rock standing"), "the kangaroo is standing on the rock."{{sfnp |Spehn-Jackson |2015 |p=13 }}

Adjectives precede nouns.{{sfnp |Spehn-Jackson |2015 |p=13 }} Some adjectives form the comparative by addition of the suffix -jin but more generally the comparative is formed by reduplication, a common feature in Pama-Nyungan languages.{{sfnp |Baker |2014 |p=182 }} The same is also true for intensified or emphatic adjectives, comparable to the English word very. The superlative is formed by the addition of -jil.{{sfnp |Symmons |1842 |p=xi }}

Statements are negated by adding the appropriate particle to the end of the sentence. There are three negation particles:

• {{Lang|nys|bart}}{{in5|14}}used generally with verbs
• {{Lang|nys|yuada}}{{in5|11}}used generally with adjectives

There is also an adverbial negation word, {{Lang|nys|bru}}, roughly equivalent to the English less or without.{{sfnp |Symmons |1842 |p=xxvi }}

Questions are formed by the addition of the interrogative interjection {{Lang|nys|kannah}} alongside the infinitive root of the verb.{{sfnp |Spehn-Jackson |2015 |p=15 }}

Many words vary in a regular way from dialect to dialect, depending on the area. For example: the words for bandicoot include {{Lang|nys|quernt}} (south) and {{Lang|nys|quenda}} (west); the word for water may be {{Lang|nys|käip}} (south) or {{Lang|nys|kapi}} (west), or the word for fire may vary from {{Lang|nys|kaall}} to {{Lang|nys|karl}}.

A large number of modern place names in Western Australia end in -up, such as Joondalup, Nannup and Manjimup. This is because in the Noongar language, -up means "place of". For example, the name Ongerup means "place of the male kangaroo".{{sfnp |Albany Gateway |2006 }} The word {{Lang|nys|gur}}, {{Lang|nys|ger}} or {{Lang|nys|ker}} in Noongar meant "a gathering". Daisy Bates suggests that central to Noongar culture was the {{Lang|nys|karlupgur}}, referring to those that gather around the hearth ({{Lang|nys|karlup}}).{{sfnp |Bates |1938 }}{{sfnp |Bates |1939 }}

Noongar words which have been adopted into Western Australian English, or more widely in English, include the given name Kylie, "boomerang",{{sfnp |University of Western Australia |2009 }} {{Lang|nys|gilgie}} or {{Lang|nys|jilgie}}, the freshwater crayfish Cherax quinquecarinatus, and {{Lang|nys|gidgie}} or {{Lang|nys|gidgee}}, "spear". The word for smoke, {{Lang|nys|karrik}}, was adopted for the family of compounds known as karrikins.{{sfnp |University of Western Australia |2009 }} The word quokka, denoting a type of small macropod, is thought to come from Noongar.{{sfnp |Oxford Dictionary of English |p=1459 }}{{full citation needed |date=April 2025}}

• Boodjar Nyungar Placenames

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist |20em}}

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• {{cite web |ref={{sfnref |Kart Koort Wiern |2015 }} |year=2015 |title=Noongar Language Apps |website=Kart Koort Wiern |url=https://ohlordyeah.wixsite.com/noongarlanguage/blank-c1xbo |access-date=2025-04-04 }}
• {{cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Sharon |date=2010-07-09 |title=Learning Noongar language |website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2010/07/09/2949497.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605103726/http://www.abc.net.au:80/local/audio/2010/07/09/2949497.htm |archive-date=2013-06-05 |access-date=2025-04-03 }}
• {{cite news |last=Long |first=Katrin |date=2014-02-13 |title=WA academics develop Noongar 'Wikipedia' to help preserve language |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-02-13/noongar-wikipedia-helps-preserve-language/5258342 |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=2025-04-03 }}
• {{cite thesis |last=McCabe |first=Timothy Francis |year=2012 |title=Baalaa Kaarl Killelbirriny (His Hearth and Home of the Sergeant Ant): a study of the cultural landscapes of the Noongar Cliff Humphries |degree=PhD |publisher=Curtin University |location=Bentley |url=https://espace.curtin.edu.au/handle/20.500.11937/1192 |hdl=20.500.11937/1192 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2025-04-03 }}
• {{cite news |ref={{sfnref |NITV News |2022 }} |date=2022-07-07 |title=Love of Noongar language leads to new version of King Gizzard album |work=NITV News |publisher=NITV |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/love-of-noongar-language-leads-to-new-version-of-king-gizzard-album/ktdbz785b |access-date=2025-04-03 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnref |Noongar Boodjar Language Cultural Aboriginal Corporation |2025a }} |title=Language |year=2025a |website=Noongar Boodjar Language Cultural Aboriginal Corporation |url=https://noongarboodjar.com.au/history/ |access-date=2025-04-04 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnref |Noongar Boodjar Language Cultural Aboriginal Corporation |2025b }} |title=Home |year=2025b |website=Noongar Boodjar Language Cultural Aboriginal Corporation |url=https://noongarboodjar.com.au/

|access-date=2025-04-04 }}

• {{cite encyclopedia |ref={{sfnref |Oxford Dictionary of English }} |title=[untitled] |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of English }}{{title missing |date=April 2025}}{{year missing |date=April 2025}}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnref |Perth Festival |2019 }} |title=Shakespeare in Noongar a world first |date=2019-10-31 |website=Perth Festival |url=https://www.perthfestival.com.au/media/0dvjyt5w/perthfest-2020-hecate-mr-final.pdf |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508221628/https://www.perthfestival.com.au/media/0dvjyt5w/perthfest-2020-hecate-mr-final.pdf |archive-date=2024-05-08

|access-date=2025-04-04 }}

• {{cite map |ref={{sfnref |Perth Metropolitan Area }} |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |title=Perth Metropolitan Area |publisher=OpenStreetMap |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=9/-31.9527121/115.8604796 |access-date=2025-03-26}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Rahaman |first1=Hafizur |last2=Johnston |first2=Michelle |last3=Champion |first3=Erik |date=2021 |title=Audio-augmented arboreality: wildflowers and language |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14626268.2020.1868536 |journal=Digital Creativity |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=22–37 |doi=10.1080/14626268.2020.1868536 |hdl=20.500.11937/82325 |hdl-access=free }}
• {{cite book |last=Rooney |first=Bernard |year=2011 |title=Nyoongar Dictionary |publisher=Batchelor Press |location=Batchelor |isbn=9781741312331 |lccn=2012452487 |oclc=758415481 |ol=OL30720206M }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnref |SIL Global |2025 }} |year=2025 |title=639 Identifier Documentation: nys |website=SIL Global |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nys |access-date=2025-04-04 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnref |SIL International |2018 }} |title=ISO 639-3 Registration Authority. Request for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code |date=2018-08-22 |website=SIL International |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2018/2018-051.pdf |access-date=2025-04-04 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnref |South Australian Museum |2019 }} |title=Njunga (WA) |date=2019-06-05 |website=South Australian Museum |url=http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/njunga.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063945/http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/njunga.htm |archive-date=2021-05-06 |access-date=2025-04-03 }}
• {{cite book |last=Spehn-Jackson |first=Lois |year=2015 |title=Noongar Waangkiny: A Learner's Guide to Noongar |publisher=Batchelor Press }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Stirling |first1=Lesley |last2=Dench |first2=Alan |year=2012 |title=Tense, Aspect, Modality and Evidentiality in Australian Languages: Foreword |pages=1–6 |journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics |volume=32 |number=1 |doi=10.1080/07268602.2012.662888 }}
• {{cite journal |last=Symmons |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Augustus John Symmons |year=1842 |title=Grammatical Introduction to the Study of the Aboriginal Language of Western Australia |journal=Western Australia Almanack |url=https://collection.sl.nsw.gov.au/record/74Vv0ZxMpzQy |access-date=2025-03-31 |via=State Library of New South Wales }}
• {{cite news |last=Turner |first=Rebecca |date=2020-01-25 |title=Noongar language reborn in Hecate, an Aboriginal translation of Shakespeare's Macbeth at Perth Festival |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-25/shakespeares-macbeth-translated-into-noongar-language-hecate/11875152 |access-date=26 January 2020 }}
• {{cite web |ref={{sfnref |University of Western Australia |2009 }} |title=A Noongar word for 'smoke' finds a place in science |date=2009-03-06 |website=University of Western Australia |url=http://www.news.uwa.edu.au/20090219889/biomedical-biomolecular-and-chemical-sciences/a-noongar-word-smoke-finds-a-place-scien |access-date=2025-04-03 }}
• {{cite book |last=Whitehurst |first=Rose |year=1997 |title=Noongar Dictionary. Noongar to English and English to Noongar |edition=2nd |publisher=Noongar Language and Culture Centre |location=East Perth |url=https://d1y4ma8ribhabl.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Noongar-Dictionary-Second-Edition.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808224034/https://d1y4ma8ribhabl.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Noongar-Dictionary-Second-Edition.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-08 |access-date=2025-04-03 |isbn=0-646-12355-6 }}
• {{cite news |last=Woods |first=Meghan |date=10 November 2016 |title=NoongarPedia created as first Wikipedia site in Aboriginal language |series= Radio National (Awaye!) |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-11-11/noongarpedia-created-as-first-wikipedia-site-aboriginal-language/8012360 |access-date=2025-04-03 }}
• {{cite news |last=Wynne |first=Emma |date=2021-08-01 |title=WA schools take first steps towards offering formal Noongar language learning |work=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-04-04/noongar-language-to-be-taught-in-south-west-wa-schools/100045124 |access-date=2022-07-04 |quote=The fact is that the overwhelming majority of our schools are in Noongar country, so we feel a real significant need to expand the support that we provide for teachers of Noongar in particular. }}

{{Refend}}

{{Incubator|code=nys|language=Noongar}}

• [http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/bibbulman.pdf Bibliography of Bibbulman language and people resources], at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
• [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/nys/Main_Page Noongarpedia word list] (under construction)
• [http://www.wheatbeltnrm.org.au/sites/default/files/knowledge_hub/documents/Nyungar%20Dictionary%20-%20Final%20-%20Website.pdf Billardong Noongar Waangkany Ballardong Noongar dictionary]
• [http://bates.org.au/ Digital Daisy Bates], digitised and geo-tagged lists of Aboriginal words, including Noongar

{{subject bar |auto=y |portal1=Linguistics |portal2=Western Australia |portal3=Languages}}

{{Pama–Nyungan languages|South}}

Category:Pama–Nyungan languages