Norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent

{{Short description|Drug class}}

{{Merge|Amphetamine type stimulant|reason=They are almost exactly the same thing.|date=November 2024|discuss=Talk:Norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent}}

{{Further|norepinephrine releasing agent|dopamine releasing agent}}

File:Amphetamine.svg, the prototypical NDRA.]]

A norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (NDRA) is a type of drug which induces the release of norepinephrine (and epinephrine) and dopamine in the body and/or brain.{{cite journal | vauthors = Rothman RB, Baumann MH | title = Monoamine transporters and psychostimulant drugs | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 479 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 23–40 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14612135 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2003.08.054 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Rothman RB, Baumann MH | title = Therapeutic potential of monoamine transporter substrates | journal = Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 6 | issue = 17 | pages = 1845–1859 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17017961 | doi = 10.2174/156802606778249766 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Heal DJ, Smith SL, Gosden J, Nutt DJ | title = Amphetamine, past and present--a pharmacological and clinical perspective | journal = Journal of Psychopharmacology | volume = 27 | issue = 6 | pages = 479–496 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23539642 | pmc = 3666194 | doi = 10.1177/0269881113482532 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Reith ME, Blough BE, Hong WC, Jones KT, Schmitt KC, Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Rothman RB, Katz JL | title = Behavioral, biological, and chemical perspectives on atypical agents targeting the dopamine transporter | journal = Drug and Alcohol Dependence | volume = 147 | issue = | pages = 1–19 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25548026 | pmc = 4297708 | doi = 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.005 }}{{cite book | vauthors = Blough B | chapter = Dopamine-releasing agents | veditors = Trudell ML, Izenwasser S | title = Dopamine Transporters: Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology | pages = 305–320 | date = July 2008 | isbn = 978-0-470-11790-3 | oclc = 181862653 | ol = OL18589888W | publisher = Wiley | location = Hoboken [NJ] | doi = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QCagLAAACAAJ | chapter-url = https://bitnest.netfirms.com/external/Books/Dopamine-releasing-agents_c11.pdf }}

Examples of NDRAs include phenethylamine, tyramine, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, levoamphetamine, methamphetamine, lisdexamfetamine, 4-fluoroamphetamine, cathine, cathinone, methcathinone, phentermine, phenmetrazine, aminorex, and benzylpiperazine.

NDRAs have psychostimulant effects and are used to treat medical conditions like attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), binge eating disorder, obesity, narcolepsy, and for other indications. They are also used to increase motivation{{cite journal | last=Kjærsgaard | first=Torben | title=Enhancing Motivation by Use of Prescription Stimulants: The Ethics of Motivation Enhancement | journal=AJOB Neuroscience | volume=6 | issue=1 | date=2 January 2015 | issn=2150-7740 | doi=10.1080/21507740.2014.990543 | pages=4–10}}{{cite journal | last=Ray | first=Keisha Shantel | title=Motivation's Pick-Me-Upper: Enhancing Performance Through Motivation-Enhancing Drugs | journal=AJOB Neuroscience | volume=6 | issue=1 | date=2 January 2015 | issn=2150-7740 | doi=10.1080/21507740.2014.999888 | doi-access=free | pages=50–51}} and to enhance performance.{{cite journal | vauthors = Docherty JR | title = Pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) | journal = Br J Pharmacol | volume = 154 | issue = 3 | pages = 606–622 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18500382 | pmc = 2439527 | doi = 10.1038/bjp.2008.124 | url = }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Daubner J, Arshaad MI, Henseler C, Hescheler J, Ehninger D, Broich K, Rawashdeh O, Papazoglou A, Weiergräber M | title = Pharmacological Neuroenhancement: Current Aspects of Categorization, Epidemiology, Pharmacology, Drug Development, Ethics, and Future Perspectives | journal = Neural Plast | volume = 2021 | issue = | pages = 8823383 | date = 2021 | pmid = 33519929 | pmc = 7817276 | doi = 10.1155/2021/8823383 | doi-access = free | url = }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Sharif S, Guirguis A, Fergus S, Schifano F | title = The Use and Impact of Cognitive Enhancers among University Students: A Systematic Review | journal = Brain Sci | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | date = March 2021 | page = 355 | pmid = 33802176 | pmc = 8000838 | doi = 10.3390/brainsci11030355 | doi-access = free | url = }}

A closely related type of drug is a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), for instance bupropion, methylphenidate, and nomifensine.{{cite journal | vauthors = Heal DJ, Cheetham SC, Smith SL | title = The neuropharmacology of ADHD drugs in vivo: insights on efficacy and safety | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 57 | issue = 7–8 | pages = 608–618 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 19761781 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.08.020 | url = }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Heal DJ, Gosden J, Smith SL | title = Dopamine reuptake transporter (DAT) "inverse agonism"--a novel hypothesis to explain the enigmatic pharmacology of cocaine | journal = Neuropharmacology | volume = 87 | issue = | pages = 19–40 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 24953830 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.012 | url = }}