North Efate language
{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu}}
{{Infobox language
|name=North Efate
|nativename=Nguna
|altname =Nakanamanga
|speakers=9,500
|date=2001
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=Malayo-Polynesian
|fam3=Oceanic
|fam4=Southern Oceanic
|fam5=North-Central Vanuatu
|fam6=Central Vanuatu
|fam7=Epi-Efate
|fam8=Efate
|iso3=llp
|glotto=nort2836
|glottorefname=North Efate
|map = Lang Status 99-NE.svg
|mapcaption = {{center|{{small|North Efate is not endangered according to the classification system of the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger}}}}
}}
File:WIKITONGUES- Priscilla speaking Nakanamanga.webm
North Efate, also known as Nakanamanga or Nguna, is an Oceanic language spoken on the northern area of Efate in Vanuatu, as well as on a number of islands off the northern coast – including Nguna, and parts of Tongoa, Emae and Epi.
The population of speakers is recorded to be 9,500.{{Cite news|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/llp/|title=Efate, North|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-11-13|language=en}} This makes Nakanamanga one of the largest languages of Vanuatu, an archipelago known for having the world's highest linguistic density.{{Citation
| last1 = François
| first1 = Alexandre
| author-link =Alexandre François
| last2 =Franjieh
| first2 =Michael
| last3 =Lacrampe
| first3 =Sébastien
| last4 =Schnell
| first4 =Stefan
| editor-last =François
| editor-first =Alexandre
| editor2-last =Lacrampe
| editor2-first =Sébastien
| editor3-last =Franjieh
| editor3-first =Michael
| editor4-last =Schnell
| editor4-first =Stefan
| date =2015
| title =The Languages of Vanuatu: Unity and Diversity
| chapter =The exceptional linguistic density of Vanuatu
| contribution-url = https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01186007
| series =Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia
| publisher =Asia Pacific Linguistics Open Access
| location =Canberra
| pages = 1–21
| isbn =9781922185235
| ref = density
}}
Phonology
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2017}}
The consonant and vowels sounds of North Efate (Nguna).{{Cite book|title=Nguna Grammar|last=Schütz|first=Albert J.|publisher=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications|year=1969|volume=5|isbn=0-87022-744-0|oclc=70697|issn=0078-3188|jstor=20019123|url=https://archive.org/details/ngunagrammar0000schu}}
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Consonant sounds ! colspan="2" | ! Labial ! Dental ! Velar |
| rowspan="2" | Plosive
! plain | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t̪}} | {{IPA link|k}} |
|---|
| implosive
| {{IPA link|ɓ|ɓʷ}} | | |
| colspan="2" | Fricative
| {{IPA link|v}} | {{IPA link|s}} | |
| rowspan="2" | Nasal
!plain | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | {{IPA link|ŋ}} |
| prenasal
| {{IPA link|ᵑm}} | | |
| colspan="2" |Liquid
| | {{IPA link|l}} {{IPA link|r}} | |
| colspan="2" |Semivowel
| {{IPA link|w}} | | |
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Vowel sounds ! ! Front ! Central ! Back |
| High
| {{IPA link|i}} || || {{IPA link|u}} |
|---|
| Mid
| {{IPA link|e}} || || {{IPA link|o}} |
| Low
| || {{IPA link|a}} || |
Subdialects of North Efate include:{{Cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort2836|title=Glottolog 3.3 - North Efate|website=glottolog.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-13}}
- Buninga
- Emau
- Livara
- Nguna
- Paunangis
- Sesake
References
- {{cite journal |last=Ray |first=Sidney H. |author-link=Sidney H. Ray |year=1887 |title=Sketch of Nguna Grammar |journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=16 |pages=409–418 |doi=10.2307/2841882 |jstor=2841882 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449566 |doi-access=free }}
- {{Cite journal|last=Schütz|first=Albert J.|date=1969|title=Nguna Grammar|url=https://archive.org/details/ngunagrammar0000schu|url-access=registration|journal=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications}}
Notes
{{Reflist}}
{{Languages of Vanuatu}}
{{Southern Oceanic languages}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Efate, North}}