North coast Portuguese
{{Short description|Portuguese dialect of Ceará, Brazil}}
{{Infobox language
|name=North coast dialect
|nativename= Dialeto da costa norte
|pronunciation= {{IPA|pt|dʒiaˈlɛtu da ˈkɔstɐ ˈnɔʁtʃi}}
|states= North and northwest of Ceará, north of Piauí and northeast of Maranhão
|speakers= 8.5 million{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
|date=no date
|ref=
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=Italic
|fam3=Latin
|fam4=Romance
|fam5=Western
|fam6=Ibero-Romance
|fam7=West Iberian
|fam8=Galician-Portuguese
|fam9=Portuguese
|fam10=Vernacular Brazilian
|isoexception=dialect
|lingua=51-AAA-am
|glotto=none
|notice=IPA
|ietf = {{wikidata|property|references|P305}}
}}
North coast dialect ({{langx|pt|dialeto da costa norte}}, {{IPA|pt|dʒiaˈlɛtu da ˈkɔstɐ ˈnɔʁtʃi|pron}}), also called Cearense dialect, is a dialect of Portuguese in the Brazilian state of Ceará, having many internal variations, like in the regions Jaguaribe and Sertões (back-countries).
Main characteristics
- Preference for the pronoun {{lang|pt|tu}} instead of {{lang|pt|você}} (both meaning "you"), without distinction of formal and informal speech.{{Cite thesis |last=Freire |first=Gilson Costa |title=A realização do acusativo e do dativo anafóricos de terceira pessoa na escrita brasileira e lusitana |date=2005 |degree=doctoral |publisher=Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro |language=pt}}
- Opening of pre-tonic vowels {{IPA|[e]}} and {{IPA|[o]}} to {{IPA|[ɛ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, but always obeying a rule of vowel harmony.{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Seung Hwa |date=2006 |title=Sobre as vogais pré-tônicas no Português Brasileiro |trans-title=About Pre-Tonic Vowels in Brazilian Portuguese |url=http://www.gel.org.br/estudoslinguisticos/edicoesanteriores/4publica-estudos-2006/sistema06/shl.pdf |journal=Estudos Lingüísticos |language=pt |volume=XXXV |pages=166–175 |access-date=23 April 2012}}{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Seung-Hwa |last2=Oliveira |first2=Marco A. de |date= |title=Variação inter-e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica |url=http://www.ich.pucminas.br/posletras/Producao%20docente/Marco%20Antonio/Variacao%20Inter-%20e%20Intra-Dialetal%20no%20Portugues%20Brasileiro_2005.pdf |url-status=dead |journal= |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014222541/http://www.ich.pucminas.br/posletras/Producao%20docente/Marco%20Antonio/Variacao%20Inter-%20e%20Intra-Dialetal%20no%20Portugues%20Brasileiro_2005.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=23 April 2012 |via=www.ich.pucminas.br}}
- Lenition of {{IPA|[ʎ]}} and {{IPA|[ɲ]}} to {{IPA|[j]}}, and reduction of syllables that have these phonemes, represented in Portuguese by {{angbr|lh}} and {{angbr|nh}} respectively.{{Cite web |last=Aragão |first=Maria do Socorro Silva de |title=A despalatalização e conseqüente iotização no falar de Fortaleza |url=http://www.profala.ufc.br/Trabalho1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101023330/http://www.profala.ufc.br/Trabalho1.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2011 |access-date=23 April 2012 |language=pt |via=profala.ufc.br}}
- Stronger or low "r" sound, depending on their syllabic position (generally strong at the beginning and middle of words, and weak final syllables). Word-finally it is not pronounced.
- Heightening of {{IPA|[e, ẽ]}} to {{IPA|[i, ĩ]}} and {{IPA|[o, õ]}} to {{IPA|[u, ũ]}}.
- Palatalization of fricatives {{IPA|[s, z]}} to {{IPA|[ʃ, ʒ]}} when adjacent to letters {{angbr|t}} or {{angbr|d}}.
- In Fortaleza and metropolitan area, Ceará North and Ceará Northeast, and close hinterland regions, this group there palatalization phonetic, getting affricates to [d͡ʒi] and [t͡ʃi].
- Stronger "r" is realised as {{IPA|[ɦ]}}, and also debuccalization of phonemes {{IPA|[ʒ, v, z]}} to {{IPA|[ɦ]}}.{{Cite web |last=Aragão |first=Maria do Socorro Silva de |title=A neutralização dos fonemas /v – z - Ζ/ no falar de Fortaleza. |url=http://www.profala.ufc.br/Trabalho3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222645/http://www.profala.ufc.br/Trabalho3.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=23 April 2012 |language=pt |via=profala.ufc.br}}
- Unique vocabulary is present in this dialect, leading many authors to write books of various dictionaries of such expressions.{{Cite journal |last=Monteiro |first=José Lemos |date=1995 |title=Fontes bibliográficas para o estudo do dialeto cearense |journal=Revista da Academia Cearense da Língua Portuguesa |volume=9 |pages=68–94}} This, perhaps, is symbolic of the people of Ceará, with their antics and humor. Examples: {{lang|pt|marminino}} (indicates surprise or astonishment, admiration), {{lang|pt|abirobado}} (something that is crazy).{{Cite web|url=http://dicionarioceares.vilabol.uol.com.br/ca.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118211046/http://dicionarioceares.vilabol.uol.com.br/ca.html|archivedate=18 January 2009|title=Avexado Dicionário Cearês|accessdate=23 April 2012}}{{Cite web|url=http://dicionarioceares.vilabol.uol.com.br/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201162819/http://dicionarioceares.vilabol.uol.com.br/|archivedate=1 December 2008|title=Dicionário Cearês Girias Ceará ABC Cearense|publisher=dicionarioceares.vilabol.uol.com.br|accessdate=23 April 2012}}