Northern Zhou

The Northern Zhou's basis of power was established by Yuwen Tai, who was paramount general of Western Wei, following the split of Northern Wei into Western Wei and Eastern Wei in 535. After Yuwen Tai's death in 556, Yuwen Tai's nephew Yuwen Hu forced Emperor Gong of Western Wei to yield the throne to Yuwen Tai's son Yuwen Jue (Emperor Xiaomin), establishing Northern Zhou. The reigns of the first three emperors (Yuwen Tai's sons){{spaced ndash}} Emperor Xiaomin, Emperor Ming, and Emperor Wu were dominated by Yuwen Hu, until Emperor Wu ambushed and killed Yuwen Hu in 572 and assumed power personally. With Emperor Wu as a capable ruler, Northern Zhou destroyed rival Northern Qi in 577, taking over Northern Qi's territory. However, Emperor Wu's death in 578 doomed the state, as his son Emperor Xuan was an arbitrary and violent ruler whose unorthodox behavior greatly weakened the state. After his death in 580, when he was already nominally retired (Taishang Huang), Xuan's father-in-law Yang Jian took power, and in 581 seized the throne from Emperor Xuan's son Emperor Jing, establishing Sui. The young Emperor Jing and the imperial Yuwen clan, were subsequently slaughtered by Yang Jian.{{cite book|author1=Patricia Buckley Ebrey|author2=Anne Walthall|title=East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ou-hq_FlQY4C&pg=PA76|date=1 January 2013|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-133-60647-5|pages=76–}}{{cite book|author1=Patricia Buckley Ebrey|author2=Anne Walthall|title=Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F2XLmIVAaYC&pg=PA76|date=1 January 2013|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-133-60651-2|pages=76–}}

The area was known as Guannei 關內. The Northern Zhou drew upon the Zhou dynasty for inspiration.{{cite book|author=Charles Holcombe|title=A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHeb7wQu0xIC&pg=PA97|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51595-5|pages=97–}} The Northern Zhou military included Han Chinese.{{cite book|title=ARS ORIENTALIS|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-sN9Agi_h4C&q=brokered+local+recruitment+centralized+army+xianbei|year=1986|page=42| isbn=9780934686440 | last1=Micklewright | first1=Nancy | publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution }}

The Tomb of An Jia, a Sogdian merchant (518-579 CE) based in China during the Northern Zhou dynasty, shows the omnipresence of the Turks (at the time of the First Turkic Khaganate), who were probably the main trading partners of the Sogdians in China. The Hephthalites are essentially absent, or possibly showed once as a vassal ruler outside of the yurt of the Turk Qaghan, as they probably had been replaced by Turk hegemony by that time (they were destroyed by the alliance of the Sasanians and the Turks between 556 and 560 CE).{{cite journal |last1=Grenet |first1=Frantz |last2=Riboud |first2=Pénélope |title=A Reflection of the Hephthalite Empire: The Biographical Narra- tive in the Reliefs of the Tomb of the Sabao Wirkak (494-579) |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2003 |volume=17 |pages=141–142 |url=https://www.podgorski.com/main/assets/documents/A_reflection_of_the_Hephtalite_empire.pdf}} In contrast, the Hephthalites are omnipresent in the Tomb of Wirkak, who, although he died at the same time of An Jia was much older at 85: Wirkak may therefore have primarily dealt with the Hephthalites during his younger years. There were also marital alliances: the Northern Zhou Emperor Wu had a Turkic Empress named Ashina.

File:An Jia welcoming a Turk. Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Xi’an.jpg|Anjia (right) welcomes a Turkic leader (left, long hair combed in the back).{{cite book |last1=Baumer |first1=Christoph |title=History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set |date=18 April 2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-83860-868-2 |page=228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA228 |language=en}}{{cite journal |last1=Yatsenko |first1=Sergey A. |title=Early Turks: Male Costume in the Chinese Art |journal=Transoxiana |date=August 2009 |volume=14 |url=http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/14/yatsenko_turk_costume_chinese_art.html}}

File:An Jia with a Turkic Chieftain in Yurt. Xi’an, 579 CE. Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Xi’an.jpg|The Sogdian merchant An Jia with a Turkic Chieftain in his yurt.

File:An Jia brokering an alliance with Turks. Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Xi’an.jpg|An Jia (right) brokering an alliance with Turks (left).

File:Sogdian_musicians_on_the_tomb_of_Wirkak.jpg|Sogdian musicians on the tomb of Wirkak, Northern Zhou period, Xi'An

{{History of China}}

Numerous artifacts are known from the period, many of them showing contacts with Sogdians merchants who resided in China and often had official administrative positions (seen in the Tomb of An Jia or the Tomb of Wirkak), or even with northern India (Tomb of Li Dan). Central Asian precious artifacts were often included in the funeral material of Chinese people of high rank, as seen in the tomb of the Xianbei-Tuoba Northern Zhou general Li Xian.

File:Tomb_of_Li_Xian,_panel_1.jpg|The Northern Zhou Xianbei-Tuoba general Li Xian (504-569 CE)

Northern Zhou Dynasty Tomb of Shijun (roof reconstructed).jpg|The tomb of Wirkak, a Sogdian official among the Northern Zhou, 580 CE, Xi'an City Museum

File:Chinese pavillion scene, Tomb of An Jia, 579 CE.jpg|Scene in a Chinese pavilion, Tomb of An Jia, 579 CE.

File:Northern Zhou dish inspired by Western metalwork 557 581.jpg|Northern Zhou dish inspired by Western metalwork, 557–581.

Northern Zhou Dynasty Stone Coffin (9923781185).jpg|Tomb of Li Dan, an Indian "Brahmin" from Jibin, Gandhara. 564 CE Xi'an City Museum.

Northern Zhou Gilded Silver Ewer (9833405755).jpg|Northern Zhou gilded silver ewer in Greco-Roman style from the tomb of Li Xian.{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Mandy Jui-man |title=Exotic Goods as Mortuary Display in Sui Dynasty Tombs--A Case Study of Li Jingxun's Tomb |journal=Sino-Platonic Papers |date=2004 |volume=142|page=55 |url=https://www.academia.edu/25641263}}

File:Northern Zhou QIaoling Mausoleum.png|Side plan of the Northern Zhou Qiaoling Mausoleum, where Emperor Wu was buried with his Turkic wife, Empress Ashina

Buddhism and Buddhist art flourished under the Northern Zhou.{{cite book |last1=Juliano |first1=Annette L. |title=Buddhist Sculpture from China: Selections from the Xi'an Beilin Museum : Fifth Through Ninth Centuries |date=2007 |publisher=China Institute Gallery |isbn=978-0-9774054-2-8 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sw83AQAAIAAJ |language=en|quote="Although Western Wei lasted only twenty-two years, and Northern Zhou just twenty-four years, Buddhism and Buddhist art flourished during these two regimes. Western Wei and Northern Zhou caves opened at Dunhuang, Maijishan..."}} The dynasty also contributed some of the paintings in the Dunhuang caves: specifically, narrative paintings of the biography of the Buddha in Cave 428, following the prototypes of Gandhara and Kizil.{{cite book |last1=Karetzky |first1=Patricia E. |title=Early Buddhist Narrative Art: Illustrations of the Life of the Buddha from Central Asia to China, Korea and Japan |date=26 April 2000 |publisher=University Press of America |isbn=978-1-4617-4027-8 |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YvFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |language=en|quote="Liang and Northern Wei Dynasties, specifically Caves 275 and 254, as well as Cave 428 from the Northern Zhou...."}}

File:Stele with the Boddhisattva Maitreya (Mile), reverse with the Buddha Vairochana (Pilushena), probably Shaanxi province, Northern Zhou dynasty, 557-581 AD, marble - Freer Gallery of Art - DSC05065.jpg|Stele with the Boddhisattva Maitreya (Mile), probably Shaanxi province, Northern Zhou dynasty, 557-581. Freer Gallery of Art

File:Shanxi Museum 2009 Taiyuan 913.jpg|Shakyamuni Buddha, Northern Zhou dynasty, 557-581. Shanxi Museum

File:Shanxi Museum 2009 Taiyuan 911.jpg| Shakyamuni Buddha. Northern Zhou dynasty, 557-581. Shanxi Museum

File:Buddha flanked by bodhisattvas with flying apsaras. Dunhuang mural. Cave 428, Northern Zhou dynasty..jpg|Buddha flanked by bodhisattvas with flying apsaras. Dunhuang mural. Cave 428, Northern Zhou dynasty

File:Xian 2006 4-68.jpg|Northern Zhou statue of the Buddha. Xi'an (Shaanxi).

Empress Ashina (阿史那皇后, 551–582) was a Turkic empress of the Northern Zhou dynasty, spouse of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou. She was the daughter of Göktürk ruler Muqan Qaghan. Her tomb was discovered in 1993 in Chenma village, Xianyang.{{Cite book|last=Steinhardt|first=Nancy Shatzman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yh_HDwAAQBAJ|title=Chinese Architecture in an Age of Turmoil, 200-600|date=2014-12-31|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3822-5|pages=197|language=en}} A genetic analysis on her remains was conducted in 2023, finding nearly exclusively Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry (97,7%) next to minor West-Eurasian components (2,7%), confirming an East Asian origin for the Türks.{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Xiaomin |last2=Meng |first2=Hailiang |last3=Zhang |first3=Jianlin |last4=Yu |first4=Yao |last5=Allen |first5=Edward |last6=Xia |first6=Ziyang |last7=Zhu |first7=Kongyang |last8=Du |first8=Panxin |last9=Ren |first9=Xiaoying |last10=Xiong |first10=Jianxue |last11=Lu |first11=Xiaoyu |last12=Ding |first12=Yi |last13=Han |first13=Sheng |last14=Liu |first14=Weipeng |last15=Jin |first15=Li |date=2023-01-09 |title=Ancient Genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jse.12938 |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=61 |issue=6 |language=en |pages=1056–1064 |doi=10.1111/jse.12938 |s2cid=255690237 |issn=1674-4918}}

File:China Divisions in 572.png

{{Northern Zhou emperors family tree}}

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