Noviodunum ad Istrum
{{Infobox castrum
| name = Noviodunum
| image = Isacceanoviodumun01.JPG
| caption = Wall section of the fort.
| alt_names = Noviodunum ad Istrum
| known_as = Castra of Isaccea
| built_during_reign_of =
| founded =
| abandoned =
| attested_by =
| previous_fortification =
| type =
| robust_struct_material = Stone
| robust_struct_built_during_reign_of =
| robust_struct_built =
| robust_struct_abandoned=
| robust_struct_dim1 =
| robust_struct_dim2 =
| robust_struct_area =
| robust_struct_shape =
| robust_struct_thickness=
| robust_struct_technique=
| robust_struct_towers =
| weak_struct_material =
| weak_struct_built_during_reign_of =
| weak_struct_built =
| weak_struct_abandoned =
| weak_struct_dim1 =
| weak_struct_dim2 =
| weak_struct_area =
| weak_struct_shape =
| weak_struct_towers =
| commanders =
| legions =
- {{vexill}} V Macedonica
- {{vexill}} I Italica
- I Iovia Scythica[http://www.crestinortodox.ro/carte-889-80597-limesul-dunarean-in-vremea-lui-constantin-cel-mare-10 Istoria Bizantului - Limesul dunarean in vremea lui Constantin cel Mare]
| cohorts =
| alae =
| numeri =
| classis = Moesica
| events =
| province = Moesia
| admin_unit_1 = Moesia Inferior
| admin_unit_2 =
| limes =
| links =
| coordinates = {{coord|45|16|12|N|28|29|30|E|source:kolossus-rowiki_region:RO|display=inline,title}}
| altitude =
| map = Romania
| place_name = La pontonul vechi
| location_town = Isaccea
| location_county = Tulcea
| location_state =
| location_country = {{ROU}}
| ref:RO:SIRUTA =
| condition = Ruined
| controlled_by =
| excavations =
| archaeologists =
| exhibitions =
| website = {{URL|http://www.noviodunum.ro}}
| notes =
}}
Noviodunum ad Istrum was a Roman city that developed around the legionary fortress and naval port near the present town of Isaccea. It was in the Roman province of Moesia and was the headquarters of the Roman Danube fleet (Classis Flavia Moesica) located on the lower Danube and, from the 4th century AD,Teodor, Alexandra & Teodor, Eugen & Florea, Mihai & Popescu, Mircea. (2011). Noviodunum Roman Fortress. A Survey on a City Wall Section. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. XXXVIII-5/W16. 10.5194/isprsarchives-XXXVIII-5-W16-499-2011 p 499 the headquarters of the Legio I Iovia (Scythica).{{Cite web|title=Legio I Iovia - Livius|url=https://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-i-iovia/|access-date=2020-08-06|website=www.livius.org}}
From 46 AD the fortress was part of the Moesian Limes frontier defensive system on the Danube. In Late Antiquity the Imperial Road from Marcianopolis ended here.
{{stack|File:Eastern Moesia 2.png}}
File:Situl arheologic „Cetatea Noviodunum”-TL-I-s-A-05804 (1).JPG
History
Noviodunum passed under Roman control with the annexation of Thrace in 46 AD and then being attached to the Roman province of Moesia.
The strategic position of the fort allowed the Romans to supervise and control the border of the entire Moesian Limes along this section of the Danube.
It became the main port of Classis Flavia Moesica{{AE|1962|166}}; IScM-5, 283a-e; {{AE|1961|120}} e {{AE|1950|175}} speaking about an liburna armata. and a military centre of the region under Domitian, and after the conquest of Dacia by Trajan. Some vexillationes of Legio V Macedonica were detached here,IScM-5, 284. at least until the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Then followed vexillationes of Legio I Italica.IScM-5, 271.
The civil settlement became a municipium during the late second century.
It was probably destroyed during the second half of the 3rd century during the period of heavy invasions of Goths and Heruli. Under Diocletian ({{reign|284|305}}), Legio I Iovia was created and based here.{{AE|1974|568}}
It was rebuilt during the reign of Constantine the Great (after 324) during the military campaigns and placed under the command of the Dux Scythiae.IScM-5, 285; Notitia Dignitatum, Oriens, XXXIX.
In 369 Emperor Valens crossed the Danube from Noviodunum and fought the Battle of Noviodunum against Athanaric and the Tervingi,Kienast, Dietmar; Eck, Werner; Heil, Matthäus [1990]. Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie (in German) (6 ed.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-534-26724-8.(excerpts at) in which Valens was victorious and took the title Gothicus Maximus.
Between 434 and 441 the city with its naval base was occupied by the Huns and then went back under Roman rule to be part of the Byzantine Empire.
The city survived until the 7th century.
The area has been subject to recent excavations, which have highlighted its importance.
The site
The area enclosed by walls is about 9 ha divided into two distinct enclosures, at least before the 4th century, consisting of the headquarters of the Danube Fleet, and the walled city from the late 2nd century.Aparaschivei, D, 2010 – Oraşele romane de la Dunărea Inferioară (sec. I-III p. Chr.), Ed. Universităţii Al. I. Cuza, Iaşi A second civil settlement of at least 7 ha depending on the military garrison would be inside the three huge earth ramparts.Ştefan, Al.-S. 1973. Noviodunum. Studiu de foto-interpretare arheologică, Buletinul Monumentelor Istorice, XLII, pp. 3-14.
In the 1990s three towers on the southern curtain wall were revealed; a fan shaped tower on the corner, a U shaped tower and the Large Tower, one of the largest towers ever built by the Romans. These towers connected by the curtain, almost 3 m wide, extend for 80 m.Lockyear, K., T. Sly and A. Popescu with contributions from Mihaela Ciausescu, Clive Orton, Jane Sidell and Robin Symonds (2006-2007). 'The Noviodunum Archaeological Project 2000-2004: results and conclusions from the pilot seasons.' Peuce, New Series, 3-4, pp. 121-158
See also
Notes
{{Reflist}}
References
{{refbegin}}
- Barnea, Ion. Dinogetia et Noviodunum, deux villes byzantines du Bas-Danube RESEE, 9, 1971, 3, 343-362.
- Baumann, Victor Henrich. Atti del IV Convegno di Studi italo-romeno, Bari, 2004, 113-132
- Golvin, Jean Claude. I Romani e il Mediterraneo. Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato. Roma, 2008. {{ISBN|978-88-240-1142-6}}
- Reddé, Michael. Mare nostrum - les infrastructures, le dispositif et l'histoire de la marine militaire sous l'empire romain. Ecole Française de Rome. Parigi, 1986. {{ISBN|978-2-7283-0114-0}}
- Saddington, Denis B.. Classes. The Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets in Paul Erdkamp (a cura di), "A Companion to the Roman Army", Blackwell Publishing, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-4051-2153-8}}
- Starr, Chester G.. The Roman Imperial Navy: 31 B.C.-A.D. 324. 2nd. edition. Cornell University Press, 1960. {{ISBN|978-0-89005-544-1}}
{{refend}}
External links
- {{commonscat-inline|Noviodunum (castra)}}
- [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/download.php?Number=1274893&t=k&om=1 Roman castra from Romania - Google Maps] / [http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showflat.php/Cat/0/Number/1274893/Main/1274893 Earth]
Category:Roman harbors in Romania
Category:Roman fortifications in Moesia Inferior
Category:Historic monuments in Tulcea County
Category:Roman legionary fortresses in Romania