Nueva Germania

{{Short description|District in the San Pedro Department of Paraguay}}

{{Infobox settlement

| official_name = Nueva Germania

| native_name =

| image_flag =

| image_shield =

| image_map =

| mapsize = 200px

| subdivision_type = Country

| subdivision_name = {{PAR}}

| subdivision_type1 = Department

| subdivision_name1 = San Pedro

| leader_title = Intendente Municipal

| leader_name = Alicia González de Saíz

| established_title = Founded

| established_date = 23 August 1887 by Bernhard Förster

| area_total_km2 = 657

| area_footnotes =

| population_as_of = 2022

| population_footnotes = https://www.ine.gov.py/censo2022/documentos/1%20Resultados%20finales%20poblacion.pdf

| population_density_km2 = auto

| population_urban = 1124

| population_rural = 4566

| population_blank1_title = Total

| population_blank1 = 5690

| timezone = -4 GMT

| utc_offset =

| timezone_DST =

| utc_offset_DST =

| pushpin_map = Paraguay

| pushpin_map_alt =

| pushpin_map_caption =

| pushpin_label_position =

| coordinates = {{coord|23|54|0|S|56|42|12|W|region:PY|display=inline}}

| elevation_m = 132

| postal_code_type = Postal code

| postal_code = 8470

| area_code = (595) (44)

| website =

}}

Nueva Germania (New Germania, {{langx|de|Neugermanien}}) is a district of San Pedro Department in Paraguay. It was founded as a German settlement on 23 August 1887 by Bernhard Förster and Elisabeth Nietzsche to create a model community in the New World based on antisemitic eugenic ideas that were supposed to demonstrate the supremacy of German culture and society. In 1889, Förster committed suicide after the settlement's initial failure. After Förster's death and Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche's return to Germany, the inhabitants took the management of the town into their own hands and distanced themselves from the ideas of its founders.

Because of its racist and eugenic antisemitic history, the town is often represented in sensationalist ways, which contemporary inhabitants reject.{{Cite book |last=Kurzwelly |first=Jonatan |url=https://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de/handle/3/isbn-978-3-86395-636-3 |title=People and Identities in Nueva Germania |publisher=Goettingen University Press |year=2024 |isbn=978-3-86395-636-3}}

Geography

Nueva Germania is located about 297 kilometres from Asunción, capital of the Republic of Paraguay. It borders on

Tacuatí district to the north;
Lima district to the south, separated from it for the Aguaray Guazú River;
Amambay department and the Santa Rosa del Aguaray district to the east;
San Pedro de Ycuamandyyú district and the Tacuati district to the west.

The Nueva Germania district is watered by the rivers Aguaray Guazú and Aguaray mí, and the streams Tutytí and Empalado.

= Climate =

The climate is tropical, with a maximum temperature of about 35 °C, a minimum of 10 °C and an average of 23 °C, and a humidity of 80%. There are abundant rains, with precipitation exceeding 1300 millimeters, especially in summer.

History

Nueva Germania was founded in 1886 on the banks of the Aguaray-Guazú River, about 250 kilometres from Asunción by five, later fourteen, largely impoverished families from Saxony. Led by Bernhard Förster and his wife, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, sister of the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche{{cite book |last=MacIntyre |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Macintyre |title=Forgotten Fatherland: The Search for Elisabeth Nietzsche |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |location=New York |date=1 January 1992 |isbn=978-0-374-15759-3}} the German colonists emigrated to the Paraguayan rainforest to put to practice utopian ideas about the superiority of the Aryan race. It was the declared dream of Förster to create an area of Germanic development, far from the influence of Jews, whom he reviled.{{Cite web|url=https://gcaw.net/2008/04/01/humid-all-too-humid/|title=The Deleted Walrus Article is reproduced|date=2008-04-01|access-date=2020-03-29|website=Wordpress|last=Wood|first=Graeme|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190818192557/https://gcaw.net/2008/04/01/humid-all-too-humid/|archive-date=2019-08-18|url-status=live}} It was one of several closed German communities in Paraguay.{{cite web |url=https://sw-ke.facebook.com/asociacion.manduara/posts/10159705432931458 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231115042230/https://sw-ke.facebook.com/asociacion.manduara/posts/10159705432931458 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2023-11-15 |title=ROBERT EBERHARD VON FISCHER-TREUENFELD |language=es |work=Asociación Cultural Mandu’arã |date=7 July 2021 |access-date=14 November 2023}} https://sw-ke.tacebook.com/asociacion.manduara/posts/10159705432931458{{cite book |last=Fischer-Treuenfeld |first=Richard Friedrich Eberhard von |author-link=:de:Fischer-Treuenfeld|title=El Chaco y el litigio de límites entre el Paraguay y Bolivia (The Chaco and the boundary dispute between Paraguay and Bolivia) |language=es |publisher=Tip. la Tarde |date=1904 |isbn=}} Richard Friedrich Eberhard von Fischer-Treuenfeld (7 February 1835, Thorn, East Prussia - 29 December 1907, Dresden){{cite news |url=https://wochenblatt.cc/wie-ein-deutscher-paraguay-vernetzte/ |title=Wie ein Deutscher Paraguay vernetzte |trans-title=How a German connected Paraguay |language=de |work= |date=16 October 2016 |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115043249/https://wochenblatt.cc/wie-ein-deutscher-paraguay-vernetzte/}}

The colony's development was hampered by the harshness of the environment, a lack of proper supplies, and an overconfidence of the colonist's own supposed Aryan supremacy.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ip.gov.py/ip/nueva-germania-el-fallido-intento-de-crear-una-raza-aria-alemana-en-paraguay/|title=Nueva Germania: the failed attempt to create a German Aryan race in Paraguay|date=2018-07-13|access-date=2020-04-09|website=www.ip.gov.py|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200409200722/https://www.ip.gov.py/ip/nueva-germania-el-fallido-intento-de-crear-una-raza-aria-alemana-en-paraguay/|archive-date=2020-04-09|url-status=live}}

Most settlers soon died of starvation and disease. Those who survived malaria and the sand-flea infections rushed to flee Nueva Germania.

Förster, who had negotiated the town's titles of property with General Bernardino Caballero, committed suicide only 3 years later in 1889 in the city of San Bernardino after abandoning the settlers.{{Cite web|url=https://ticotimes.net/2016/02/27/the-lost-aryan-utopia-of-nueva-germania|title=The lost 'Aryan utopia' of Nueva Germania|date=2016-02-27|access-date=2020-03-29|website=Tico Times Net|last=Van Eerten|first=Jurriaan|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200329221017/https://ticotimes.net/2016/02/27/the-lost-aryan-utopia-of-nueva-germania|archive-date=2020-03-29|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.elledecor.com/it/best-of/a28385313/nueva-germania-community-paraguay/|title=Nueva Germania Community|date=2019-10-07|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Elle Décor|last=Felicori|first=Bianca|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200426162016/https://www.elledecor.com/it/best-of/a28385313/nueva-germania-community-paraguay/|archive-date=2020-04-26|url-status=live}}

Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche returned to Germany 4 years after his death in 1893.

=20th century=

According to Gerard L. Posner, writing in Mengele: The Complete Story, Josef Mengele, a major German war criminal, spent some time in Nueva Germania while he was a fugitive after World War II.{{cite book |last=Posner |first=Gerard L. |year=1986 |title=Mengele: The Complete Story |publisher=Cooper Square Press |pages=123–124}} However, the evidence that Mengele ever passed through is shaky at best.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/06/world/americas/german-outpost-born-of-racism-blends-into-paraguay.html|title=German Outpost Born of Racism in 1887 Blends Into Paraguay|date=2013-05-05|access-date=2020-03-29|website=New York Times|last=Romero|first=Simon|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190416175715/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/06/world/americas/german-outpost-born-of-racism-blends-into-paraguay.html|archive-date=2019-04-16|url-status=live}}

=21st century=

Nueva Germania became a quiet and relatively poor community in the San Pedro district dedicated to agriculture such as the cultivation of yerba mate and soy beans and the raising of cattle, as well as the production of bricks. The main three languages spoken in the community are Spanish, Guaraní, and German. The two most common religions practiced are Catholicism and Lutheranism (the latter being practiced mostly by German descendants). The history of the town's foundation has led to the celebration of the mixture of German and Paraguayan cultures as a joint heritage of the town, with inhabitants referring to themselves as Germanino. As Jonatan Kurzwelly described in his book, [https://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de/handle/3/isbn-978-3-86395-636-3 People and Identities in Nueva Germania], people variably identify as German, Paraguayan, or Germanino in different situations.

Economy

Image:Mandioca.JPG plant]]

One of the most important products of the district is yerba mate, along with sugarcane, cotton, manioc (cassava), tobacco, sunflower, soy, wheat, banana, sweet and sour orange, Paraguayan lemon verbena and sesame.

Transportation

Route 11, a paved road, is the main access to the town, which connects it with other localities of the department via Route 8, and to Asunción via Route 3. Route 11 also provides a direct access to the Amambay departament, while a nearby junction with Route 22 allows for travel north to Concepción.

Route 11 connects it to the city of San Pedro de Ycuamandyyú, the capital of the department.

Language

About 80% of the population speak the Guaraní language. The rest speak a combination of German and Spanish.{{Cite web|url=https://www.curbed.com/2019/6/28/18744439/nueva-germania-failed-utopia|title=Nueva Germania Failed Utopia|date=2019-06-28|access-date=2020-03-30|website=Curbed Dot Com|last=Budds|first=Diana|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200330131637/https://www.curbed.com/2019/6/28/18744439/nueva-germania-failed-utopia|archive-date=2020-03-30|url-status=live}}

Population

File:Neu Germania pg51 11212383086.jpg

The General Directorate of Statistics, Polls and Census has reported the following:

In 1992 the district had 17,148 inhabitants, the majority of whom lived in the town of Santa Rosa del Aguaray. In 2002 Santa Rosa del Aguaray became a municipality in its own right. Consequently, the District of Nueva Germania lost most of its population and territory, though it retained the Mennonite colony Rio Verde to the north of Santa Rosa del Aguaray.
The population is mostly rural and occupied in agricultural activities.
The projected net population by gender for 2002 was 4,335 inhabitants (2,323 men and 2,012 women).

As of 2002, about 10% of Nueva Germania's inhabitants were of mainly German origin.Evangelische Gemeinde Düren [http://www.evangelischegemeinde-dueren.de/cms/upload/download/Internat_Nueva_Germania_2009.pdf]; Brochure by the Protestant Parish of Düren (in German), contains pictures.

Demographics

Main social and demographic indicators were:{{when|date=January 2024}}

Total fertility rate: 3.4
Percentage of illiteracy in the district: 15.4%
Percentage of housings that have power: 82.0%
Percentage of housings that have running water: 39.6%
Percentage of population that are under the age of 15: 39%
Percentage of population that have access to modern housing: 41.2%
Percentage of population that have access to modern sanitation: 20.9%
Percentage of population that have access to modern educational programs: 13.5%
Percentage of population that are employed in the primary sector of the economy: 60.1%
Percentage of population that are employed in the secondary sector of the economy: 14.3%
Percentage of population that are employed in the tertiary sector of the economy: 25.0%

References

External links and further reading

Kurzwelly, Jonatan. People and Identities in Nueva Germania. Goettingen University Press. 2024. https://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de/handle/3/isbn-978-3-86395-636-3
Ben Macintyre, Forgotten Fatherland: The Search for Elisabeth Nietzsche, New York: Farrar Straus Giroux 1992, reissued as Forgotten Fatherland: The True Story of Nietzsche's Sister and Her Lost Aryan Colony, Broadway 2011 {{ISBN|0307886441}} {{ISBN|978-0307886446}}
[https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/18/world/nueva-germania-journal-from-a-bigot-s-planting-a-garden-of-assimilation.html New York Times article on Nueva Germania, 1991]
[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/06/world/americas/german-outpost-born-of-racism-blends-into-paraguay.html?smid=pl-share New York Times article on Nueva Germania, 2013]
[http://www.evangelischegemeinde-dueren.de/cms/upload/download/Internat_Nueva_Germania_2009.pdf Brochure by the Protestant Parish of Dueren (in German)], contains pictures
[http://paulayarturolasamericas-paulayarturo.blogspot.com/2008/02/nueva-germania.html Blog on Nueva Germania with photos]
[http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-179&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=x World Gazeteer: Paraguay]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} – World-Gazetteer.com
[http://dialoginternational.typepad.com/dialog_international/2005/03/dick_cheney_and.html Dialog International — "Dick Cheney and Nueva Germania"]
{{cite news | url=http://www.walrusmagazine.com/articles/2008.04-field-note-paraguay-germany-nueva-germania-graeme-wood/ | date=April 2008 | title=Kultur, Jammed | publisher=The Walrus | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513171937/http://www.walrusmagazine.com/articles/2008.04-field-note-paraguay-germany-nueva-germania-graeme-wood/ | archivedate=2008-05-13 }} (article deleted)
[http://gcaw.net/2008/04/01/humid-all-too-humid/ The Walrus article has been deleted, but has been reproduced in this Wordpress blog]
Kraus, Daniela, Bernhard und Elisabeth Försters Nueva Germania in Paraguay. Eine antisemitische Utopie. PhD Thesis. University of Vienna. 1999
Kurzwelly, Jonatan (2019), "Being German, Paraguayan and Germanino: Exploring the Relation Between Social and Personal Identity" in Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 2/2019. doi:10.1080/15283488.2019.1604348
Sussman, Nadia and Simon Romero, 2013, "A Lost Colony in Paraguay" Video: [https://www.nytimes.com/video/2013/05/05/world/americas/100000002208901/a-lost-tribe-in-paraguay.html "A Lost Tribe in Paraguay"]