Nyamjang Chu
{{short description|River in eastern Tibet and Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Nyamjang Chu
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| pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh#Tibet
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| pushpin_map_caption= Mouth of Nyamjang Chu in Arunachal Pradesh
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| pushpin_map_relief = 0
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = China; India
| subdivision_type2 = Region/State
| subdivision_name2 = Shannan, Tibet; Arunachal Pradesh
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name3 = Tsona County; Tawang district
| subdivision_type4 = Cities/Circles
| subdivision_name4 = Qudromo, Jiba, Gongri, Marmang, Lai; Zemithang, Dudunghar
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| length = {{convert|125|km|mi}}
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| discharge1_location= Zemithang
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| discharge1_avg = {{convert|3400|m3}} per second
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| source1 = Eastern Himalayas
| source1_location = Tsona County
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|28.4297|91.8596}}
| source1_elevation = {{convert|5400|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| mouth = Tawang Chu
| mouth_location = Lumla Circle
| mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|27.499|91.685|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|1040|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| progression = Tawang Chu, Manas River
| river_system = Brahmaputra
| basin_size = {{convert|3170|km2}}{{sfnp|NJC Hydropower Limited|2017|p=4-1}}
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The Nyamjang Chu,{{sfnp|Bailey, Exploration on the North-East Frontier|1914|p=16}} or Nyashang Chu{{sfnp|Dorje, Footprint Tibet|1999|p=200}}
({{bo|t=ཉ་བཤང་ཆུ|w=nya bshang chu|s=nya shang chu}}){{Cite web |title=Geographical names of Tibet AR (China): Tibet Autonomous Region |website=KNAB Place Name Database |publisher=Institute of the Estonian Language |date=2018-06-03 |url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/valik/cn54.htm}}{{efn|An alternative Tibetan name is Nyangshang Chu ({{bo|t=ཉང་བཤང་ཆུ|w=nyang bshang chu|s=nyang shang chu}}; {{zh|c=娘江曲|p=Niáng jiāng qū}}).}} is a cross-border perennial river that originates in the Shannan Prefecture of Tibet and flows into the Arunachal Pradesh state of India, joining the Tawang Chu river just before it enters Bhutan. The Nyamjang Chu valley has provided the traditional communication route between Tawang and Tibet. The valley near the town of Zemithang in the Tawang district, called the Pangchen Valley, is known for its serene beauty and forms one of the wintering locations for the black-necked crane.
The China–India border in the valley has been contested between the two countries since the 1950s, resulting in a clash at the Namka Chu in 1962 and a standoff at the Sumdorong Chu in 1986.
Course
File:Nyamjang Chu and Tawang Chu rivers mapped by Morshead and Bailey, 1913.jpg and Sumdorong Chu not shown)]]
The Nyamjang Chu river originates in the snow-clad peaks of the eastern Himalayas, north of Taga in the Chudromo township of the Tsona County, at an elevation of {{convert|5400|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Frederick Bailey and Henry Morshead, explored the region in 1913. They crossed into the valley of Nyamjang Chu from that of Nye Chu via the Hor La pass. They give the name of the village as Gyao, which appears to be an older name of Taga. The land at this elevation was only good for grazing. The shepherds lit sheep-dung fires around the campsites to protect their flocks from the wolves.{{harvp|Bailey, Exploration on the Tsangpo|1914|p=581}}: "We mapped part of the upper waters of the Nye, and, after following Nain Singh's route up a branch called the Sompu for a short distance, crossed the Hor La (17,680 feet) into the source of the Nyamjang river."{{harvp|NJC Hydropower Limited|2017|p=4-1}} This ocument states that the source is at 6400 m. elevation, but this is contrary to Bailey's evidence.
From this location, Nyamjang Chu flows southwards for about {{convert|85|km|mi}} in Tibet,{{sfnp|NJC Hydropower Limited|2017|p=4-1}} passing by several towns such as Chudromo, Dongkar, Gongri, Kyipa, Marmang and Le.
South of Le (also spelt Lei and Lai), the river enters India at a location called Khinzemane at an elevation of {{convert|2220|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfnp|NJC Hydropower Limited|2017|p=4-1}}[http://aruntrade.gov.in/html/indo_china_trade.htm Indo-China Border Trade], Department of Trade & Commerce, Government of Arunachal Pradesh, retrieved 13 July 2020. The stream of Sumdorong Chu from the left and the river of Namka Chu from the right join the river in this area. The border in this area has been disputed between India and China.
The course of the river in India is through a steep gorge lined by dense mixed forest. The valley widens near Zemithang, where it is called the Pangchen valley. The streams of Sumta Chu (from the right) and Taktsang Chu (from the left) join Nyamjang Chu in this valley.{{sfnp|NJC Hydropower Limited|2017|p=2-1}}
The river flows mostly southwards in India for 40 km and joins the west-flowing Tawang Chu near Lumla. After the confluence, Tawang Chu enters Bhutan within a short distance where it merges with Kulong Chu to form the Manas River, a major tributary of Brahmaputra.{{sfnp|NJC Hydropower Limited|2017|p=4-1}}
Flora and fauna
The Zemithang valley is one of the wintering locations for the black-necked crane, a vulnerable species of which only 4,000 are believed to be alive as of 1996.{{cite news |first=Neha |last=Sinha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-bird-a-dam-and-a-belief/article7527069.ece |title=A bird, a dam and a belief |newspaper=The Hindu |date= 12 August 2015}}
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Notes
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References
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Bibliography
- {{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=F. M. |title=Exploration on the Tsangpo or upper Brahmaputra |journal=Scottish Geographical Magazine |volume=30 |issue=11 |year=1914 |pages=561–582 |doi=10.1080/00369221408734154 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2450287 |ref={{sfnref|Bailey, Exploration on the Tsangpo|1914}}}}
- {{citation |first=F. M. |last=Bailey |title=Report on an Exploration on the North-East Frontier, 1913 |publisher=Government Monotype Press |location=Simla |year=1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/ExplorationOnTheNorthEastFrontier1913 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Bailey, Exploration on the North-East Frontier|1914}}}}
- {{citation |last=Dorje |first=Gyurme |title=Footprint Tibet Handbook with Bhutan |edition=2nd |publisher=Footprint Handbooks |location=Bath |year=1999 |url=https://archive.org/details/tibethandbookwit0000unse_02ed |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |ISBN=0-8442-2190-2 |ref={{sfnref|Dorje, Footprint Tibet|1999}}}}
- {{citation |author=NJC Hydropower Limited |title=EIA study for Nyamjangchhu Hydroelectric Project |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India |url=http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/EIA-NJC.pdf |year=2017}}
External links
- [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11293407#map=9/27.9623/91.8677&layers=C The course of the Nyamjang Chu] marked on OpenStreetMap
- [https://www.awl-images.com/stock-photo/india-arunachal-pradesh-nyamjang-chhu-valley-(aka-pangchen-valley)/search/detail-0_00387013.html Gorsam Chorten] (photograph by Amar Grover), AWL Images, retrieved 10 July 2020.
- Ranju Dodum, [https://ranjuwrites.com/2017/04/13/lax-policies-cause-of-concern-for-conservation/ Lax policies cause of concern for conservation], 'ranjuwrites' (blog), 13 April 2017.