Nymphaea amazonum
{{Short description|Species of water lily}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Nymphaea amazonum Bot. Mag. 80. 4823. 1854.jpg
| genus = Nymphaea
| parent = Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis
| species = amazonum
| synonyms =
{{Species list
| Castalia amazonum | (Mart. & Zucc.) Britton & P.Wilson
| Leuconymphaea amazonum | (Mart. & Zucc.) Kuntze
| Nymphaea blanda f. amazonum | (Mart. & Zucc.) Planch.
| Nymphaea rudgeana var. amazonum | (Mart. & Zucc.) Griseb.
| Leuconymphaea goudotiana | (Planch.) Kuntze
| Nymphaea alboviridis | A.St.-Hil.
| Nymphaea amazonum var. forma-submersa | Sagot
| Nymphaea amazonum f. goudotiana | (Planch.) Casp.
| Nymphaea amazonum var. goudotiana | (Planch.) Conard
| Nymphaea blanda | Hook.
| Nymphaea foetida | Gardner ex Planch.
| Nymphaea goudotiana | Planch.
| Nymphaea integrifolia | Salzm. ex Planch.
| Nymphaea nocturna | March ex Hook.
}}
| synonyms_ref = {{cite POWO |id=605491-1 |title=Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc. |accessdate=7 December 2023}}
}}
Nymphaea amazonum is a species of water lily native to the region spanning from Mexico to tropical South America. It has been introduced to Bangladesh.
Description
=Vegetative characteristics=
Nymphaea amazonum is an aquatic herb. It has dark brown to black, subcylindrical rhizomes, which can reach lengths of {{convert|10|cm|in|1}} and widths of {{convert|3|cm|in|1}}.{{cite book | last1=Stoffers | first1=A.L. | last2=Lindeman | first2=J.C. | title=Flora of Suriname | publisher=Brill | issue=Bd. 5,Teil 1 | year=1979 | isbn=978-90-04-06062-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sm4eAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA373 | access-date=2023-12-11 | pages=373–375}} The broadly ovate-elliptic leaf blade reaches {{convert|32|cm|in|0}} in length and {{convert|26|cm|in|0}} in width. The actinodromous venation on the abaxial side of the mature leaf features strongly prominent and rounded veins. The petiole is up to 8 mm wide and exhibits a ring of trichomes towards the apex.
=Generative characteristics=
The nocturnal flowers float on the water surface. They are attached to 10 mm wide peduncles, which rarely exhibit a ring of trichomes towards the apex. The floral fragrance has been characterised as very pleasant.{{cite book | last1=Otto | first1=F. | last2=Dietrich | first2=A. | title=Allgemeine Gartenzeitung | publisher=Verlag der Nauck'sche Buchhandlung | issue=Bd. 24 | year=1856 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GyIXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64 | language=de | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=64}}{{cite book | last=Lóczy | first=L. | author2=Hungary. Földművelésügyi Minisztérium | title=Resultate der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung des Balatonsees | publisher=In Kommission von E. Hölzel | issue=Bd. 2 | year=1897 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymvtAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA7-PA33 | language=de | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=7-PA33}}{{cite book | last1=Otto | first1=E. | last2=Mettler | first2=R. | title=Neue allgemeine deutsche Garten- und Blumenzeitung | publisher=R. Kittler | issue=Bd. 11 | year=1855 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6rQCAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA4-PA78 | language=de | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=4-PA78}} The fragrance is also said to resemble petrol, xylol, benzene, PDB, turpentine, benzol, xylene, and acetone.
Fruits are produced very frequently. Up to 22000 seeds are found in a single fruit.Henkel, F., Rehnelt, F., Dittmann, L. (1907). [https://archive.org/details/Henkel_Nymphaeaceen/page/n77/mode/1up "Das Buch der Nymphaeaceen oder Seerosengewächse."] p. 76. Germany: Henkel. The ovoid seeds are 1.3 mm long and 0.9 mm wide. They are smooth, pilose and exhibit trichomes in continuous longitudinal lines.{{cite web |title=Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc. |website=Flora e Funga do Brasil | url=https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB10937 | access-date=2023-12-11 |language=pt}}
Cytology
The diploid chromosome count is 2n = 18.Wiersema, J. H. (1987). A monograph of Nymphaea subgenus Hydrocallis (Nymphaeaceae). Systematic Botany Monographs, 1-112.
Reproduction
=Vegetative reproduction=
Nymphaea amazonum is stoloniferous, but does not produce proliferating pseudanthia.
=Generative reproduction=
The seed dispersal is hydrochorous (i.e. water-dispersed) or ornithochorous (i.e. bird-dispersed).{{cite book | last=Lot | first=A. | title=Catálogo de angiospermas acuáticas de México: hidrófitas estrictas emergentes, sumergidas y flotantes | publisher=Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | series=Cuadernos del Instituto de Biología | year=1999 | isbn=978-968-36-7928-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqwftFDUtCMC&pg=PA93 | language=es | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=93}}
Taxonomy
It was first described by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini in 1832.
=Type specimen=
=Placement within ''Nymphaea''=
It is placed in Nymphaea subg. Hydrocallis.
=Former subspecies=
Nymphaea amazonum was sepataed into the two subspecies Nymphaea amazonum subsp. amazonum and Nymphaea amazonum subsp. pedersenii Wiersema.
This view was later rejected and Nymphaea amazonum subsp. pedersenii Wiersema was then treated as a separate species Nymphaea pedersenii (Wiersema) C.T.Lima & Giul. in 2021.{{cite POWO |id=77295794-1 |title=Nymphaea pedersenii (Wiersema) C.T.Lima & Giul. |accessdate=8 December 2023}}
Conservation
In Puerto Rico, USA Nymphaea amazonum faces habitat destruction.{{cite book | last=Woodbury | first=R.O. | title=Rare and Endangered Plants of Puerto Rico: A Committee Report | publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service | year=1975 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHH2oT32k5EC&pg=PA61 | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=61}} It is considered to be endangered (EN) in Cuba, as it faces diminishing and deteriorating habitats caused by agricultural practices, the influence of exotic flora and fauna, livestock farming, sedimentation, and pollution.{{cite book | last1=Cruz | first1=A.J.U. | last2=González-Oliva | first2=L. | last3=Carbó | first3=R.N. | title=Libro rojo de la flora vascular de la provincia Pinar del Río | publisher=Universidad de Alicante | year=2010 | isbn=978-84-9717-061-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LC9TvmoY95UC&pg=PA317 | language=es | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=317}} In the Liste rouge de la flore vasculaire de Guadeloupe of 2019, Nymphaea amazonum is listed as data deficient (DD).{{cite web | title=Nymphaea amazonum Mart. & Zucc., 1832 | website=Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel | url=https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/630228/tab/statut | language=fr | access-date=2023-12-11}}
Ecology
=Habitat=
In the Pantanal, it can be found in permanent ponds. It is also found in lagoons and canals.{{cite book | last1=Liogier | first1=A.H. | last2=Martorell | first2=L.F. | title=Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: A Systematic Synopsis | publisher=Ed. de la Universidad | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-8477-0369-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISlUCW8p5GcC&pg=PA58 | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=58}} It is found growing in mixtures of clay and sand or in sandy-quartzitic soils. Rhizomes of Nymphaea amazonum can endure periods of drought in moist sediments. In the floodplains of the Amazon, it faces competition from aquatic and semi-aquatic grass species.{{cite book | last1=Junk | first1=Wolfgang J. | last2=Piedade | first2=Maria Teresa F. | title=The Central Amazon Floodplain | chapter=Plant Life in the Floodplain with Special Reference to Herbaceous Plants | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | publication-place=Berlin, Heidelberg | volume=126 | date=1997 | isbn=978-3-642-08214-6 | doi=10.1007/978-3-662-03416-3_8 | pages=147–185}}
=Pollination=
The strong floral fragrance attracts beetles of the genus Cyclocephala.{{cite book | last=Heckman | first=C.W. | title=The Pantanal of Poconé: Biota and Ecology in the Northern Section of the World's Largest Pristine Wetland | publisher=Springer Netherlands | series=Monographiae Biologicae | year=2013 | isbn=978-94-017-3423-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeT6CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=178}} The beetle species Cyclocephala castanea pollinates the flowers of Nymphaea amazonum.{{cite book | last1=Kaufman | first1=L. | last2=Mallory | first2=K. | author3=New England Aquarium Corporation | title=The Last Extinction | publisher=MIT Press | year=1993 | isbn=978-0-262-61089-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQjRG26cTVUC&pg=PA79 | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=79}}
Uses
Nymphaea amazonum is used as a medicine and for food. The rhizomes are edible.{{cite book | last1=Damasceno-Junior | first1=G.A. | last2=Pott | first2=A. | title=Flora and Vegetation of the Pantanal Wetland | publisher=Springer International Publishing | series=Plant and Vegetation | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-030-83375-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiFnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA710 | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=710}} It has the ability to absorb the pesticides cyhalothrin and imidacloprid from the water.{{cite book | last1=Arora | first1=N.K. | last2=Kumar | first2=N. | title=Phyto and Rhizo Remediation | publisher=Springer Nature Singapore | series=Microorganisms for Sustainability | year=2019 | isbn=978-981-329-664-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6S-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=98}}{{cite book | last=Malik | first=J.A. | title=Advances in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation for Sustainable Soil Management: Principles, Monitoring and Remediation | publisher=Springer International Publishing | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-030-89984-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCdcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=68}} It exhibits antimicrobial properties in the treatment of ulcers.{{cite book | last1=Rai | first1=M. | last2=Feitosa | first2=C.M. | title=Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases | publisher=CRC Press | year=2022 | isbn=978-1-000-61466-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f3FmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT39 | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=39}} The flowers have been used in the treatment of herpes and erysipelas.{{cite book | author=Deutscher Apotheker-Verein | title=Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Pharmacognosie, Pharmacie und Toxicologie | publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht | issue=Bd. 13 | year=1879 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj81AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA39 | language=de | access-date=2023-12-11 | page=39}}
Cultivation
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q15485656|from2=Q21383936}}
Category:Flora of the Cayman Islands
Category:Flora of the Dominican Republic
Category:Flora of French Guiana
Category:Flora of Trinidad and Tobago
Category:Flora of the Leeward Islands