Nyonoksa
{{Expand Russian|topic=geo|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Russian urban-type settlement
|en_name=Nyonoksa
|ru_name=Нёнокса
|image_skyline=Вид на комплекс деревянных церквей в Нёноксе.jpg
|image_caption=Panorama of Nyonoksa
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Nyonoksa, also Nenoksa,{{Cite web|url=http://www.oktmo.ru/query/?search_area=Locality&locality_id=&q=11730000126&qt=code|title=Поиск: 11730000126 {{!}} ОКТМО (ОК 033-2013)|website=www.oktmo.ru|access-date=2019-08-13}} ({{langx|ru|Нёнокса}} {{IPA|ru|ˈnʲɵnəksə|pron}}) is a rural locality (a selo) under the administrative jurisdiction of Severodvinsk Town of Oblast Significance, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It is located at the coast of the Dvina Bay of the White Sea (the Summer Coast) {{convert|19|mi|km|adj=off}} northwest of the city of Severodvinsk. The Nyonoksa railway station is {{convert|1.2|mi|km|adj=off}} from Nyonoksa at the mostly military village of Sopka along the Northern Railway line from Severodvinsk. Nyonoksa is accessible by land vehicles only during the winter months when the nearby swampland freezes.
Missile testing site
Established in 1954 near Nyonoksa is "The State Central Navy Testing Range" ({{langx|ru|«Государственный центральный морской полигон»}}) which is the main rocket launching site of the Soviet Navy and later the Russian Navy and is also called Nyonoksa.{{cite news| url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2019/08/14/breaking-news/mysterious-missile-explosion-radiation-spike-in-russia-raises-questions/| title=Mysterious missile explosion, radiation spike in Russia raises questions| first=Vladimir| last=Isachenkov| newspaper=Star-Advertiser| location=Honolulu| agency=Associated Press| date=14 August 2019| access-date=15 August 2019}} The naval missile range is also known as military unit 09703.{{cite news |url=http://www.severodvinsk.info/pr/17630/ |title=Пропуск в Нёноксу – только по личному запросу: 12 и 13 июля в Нёноксе, входящей в муниципальное образование «Северодвинск», состоятся фольклорные праздники, посвящённые Петрову дню и Дню села. Эти события собирают, как правило, большое количество гостей. |trans-title=Access to Nyonoksa is only available upon personal request: On July 12 and 13, folklore festivals dedicated to St. Peter's Day and Village Day will be held in Nyonoksa, which is part of the Severodvinsk municipality. These events usually attract a large number of guests. |language=ru |work=www.severodvinsk.info |date=2019-06-28 |access-date=2025-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205172608/http://www.severodvinsk.info/pr/17630/ |archive-date=2020-02-05}}{{efn|According to a 25 February 2008 Kommersant article, the 45th State Central Testing Range at Nyonoksa is part of the 20 August 1940 established White Sea Naval Base with Commander Rear Admiral Vitaly Fedorin ({{langx|ru|контр-адмирал Виталий Федорин}}) the commanding officer as of February 2008 and, as of December 2012, Captain I Rank Viktor Liina ({{langx|ru|капитан I ранг Виктор Лиина}}; born 1968), who previously was the Deputy Commander of the Northern Fleet's submarine forces, was the commanding officer.{{cite news |url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/856043 |title=Северный флот |trans-title=Northern Fleet |language=ru |work=«Коммерсантъ» |date=25 February 2008 |access-date=24 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030164244/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/856043 |archive-date=30 October 2013}}{{cite news |url=http://www.dvinainform.ru/news/2010/12/29/89305.shtml |title=Беломорская военно-морская база отмечает юбилей |trans-title=The White Sea Naval Base celebrates its anniversary |language=ru |work=«Двина-Информ» (www.dvinainform.ru) |date=29 December 2010 |access-date=24 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306120233/http://www.dvinainform.ru/news/2010/12/29/89305.shtml |archive-date=6 March 2012}}}} Since 1965 numerous rockets of the types R-27, R-29, R-39 Rif and R-39M were launched from Nyonoksa. These rockets were prototypes for the employment on missile submarines. The launching site is located in the mostly military settlement of Sopka ({{langx|ru|Сопка}}), which has a railroad station, hosts the military unit 09703, has a population similar to Nyonoksa of about 500, and is {{convert|2|km|mi}} north of the selo of Nyonoksa.{{cite news |url=https://region29.ru/2019/08/08/5d4bf88c7aeb14b6bf518242.html |script-title=ru:После ЧП в военной части в сторону Нёноксы направлен вертолёт санавации |trans-title=After an emergency in a military unit, a medivac helicopter was sent towards Nyonoksa |work=«Регион 29» (Region 29) |date=8 August 2019 |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=11 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311020005/https://region29.ru/2019/08/08/5d4bf88c7aeb14b6bf518242.html |language=ru}}{{cite web |url=https://www.tourister.ru/responses/id_12966 |script-title=ru:Уникальная и закрытая Нёнокса |trans-title=Unique and Closed Nyonoksa |work=tourister.ru |author=Ирина (Irina) |date=30 July 2015 |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=23 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123192113/https://www.tourister.ru/responses/id_12966 |language=ru}}{{cite news |url=https://www.severreal.org/a/30138579.html |script-title=ru:"Один на один с этой бедой". Жители Нёноксы до сих пор не знают, что с ними произошло |trans-title="One on one with this misfortune." Nyonoksa residents still do not know what happened to them |work=Север.Реалии (North.Realities) |last=Фокина (Fokina) |first=Ирина (Irina) |date=1 September 2019 |access-date=10 March 2020 |language=ru}}{{cite news |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/30123361.html |script-title=ru:"Так выглядит смерть" |trans-title=Death Looks Like It |work=Радио Свобода (Radio Svoboda) |last1=Добрынин (Dobrynin) |first1=Сергей (Sergey) |last2=Крутов (Krutov) |first2=Марк (Mark) |date=22 August 2019 |access-date=10 March 2020 |language=ru}}
On 15 December 2015 at 11am, an accident during a missile launch test resulted in a block of flats in the mostly military village of Sopka, which is part of Nyonoksa, being hit by part of a rocket. A fire broke out, but all residents were evacuated in time.{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35106935|title=Russian cruise missile hits flats|date=December 15, 2015|via=www.bbc.com}}{{cite news |url=https://defendingrussia.ru/a/ekskljuzivnyje_foto_padenija_rakety_v_nenokse-4682/ |script-title=ru:«Защищать Россию» публикует эксклюзивные фото падения ракеты в Неноксе |trans-title=“Defend Russia” publishes exclusive photos of the fall of the rocket in Nyonoksa |work=«Защищать Россию» (Defend Russia) |date=16 December 2015 |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221040849/https://defendingrussia.ru/a/ekskljuzivnyje_foto_padenija_rakety_v_nenokse-4682/ |language=ru}}
= 2019 explosion =
{{main|Nyonoksa radiation accident}}
On 8 August 2019 an explosion occurred at or near the test site killing five and injuring six (or three) people.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/10/world/europe/russia-explosion-radiation.html|title=Russia Confirms Radioactive Materials Were Involved in Deadly Blast|author=Andrew E. Kramer|date=10 August 2019|access-date=12 August 2019|newspaper=The New York Times}}{{cite news| url=https://www.voanews.com/a/europe_what-exactly-happened-russian-missile-test-site/6173617.html |author=Mike Eckel| title=What Exactly Happened at Russian Missile Test Site?| publisher=VOA |date=10 August 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019}} The explosion was followed by a brief spike in radiation levels. According to Rosatom the explosion happened on a sea platform when a "liquid-propellant engine" was tested.{{cn|date=May 2021}} While Russian authorities did not disclose what the power source was intended for, some Russian media as well as U.S. President Donald Trump have linked the event to the development of the nuclear-powered cruise missile 9M730 Burevestnik, also known by its NATO reporting name as the SSC-X-9 Skyfall.{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/russian-nuclear-engineers-buried-skyfall-nuclear-blast-190813025930755.html |title=Russian nuclear engineers buried after 'Skyfall nuclear' blast |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=13 August 2019 |access-date=13 August 2019}}{{cite journal |last1=Kristensen|first1=Hans M.|last2=Korda|first2=Matt|title=Russian nuclear weapons, 2021|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|volume=77|issue=2|year=2021|pages=90–108|issn=0096-3402|doi=10.1080/00963402.2021.1885869 |bibcode=2021BuAtS..77b..90K |quote=A similar recovery effort in August 2019 resulted in an explosion that killed five scientists and two soldiers at Nenoksa; the explosion’s connection to Skyfall was confirmed by US State Department officials in October 2019|doi-access=free}}
Culture and recreation
Nyonoksa hosts 7 objects which are protected as cultural heritage monuments at the federal level.{{RKN_base}}{{cite web |url=http://old.kulturnoe-nasledie.ru |script-title=ru:Объекты культурного наследия |trans-title=Cultural Heritage Sites |work=ФГУП ГИВЦ Минкультуры России |date=2011 |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130015049/http://old.kulturnoe-nasledie.ru/ |language=ru}} They are grouped in two ensembles. The Nyonokotsky Pogost is one of the few surviving triple wooden church ensembles, consisting of two churches (a bigger, unheated, church used in the summer, a smaller, heated church used in the winter) and a bell-tower.{{cite web |url=https://russlovo.today/rubricator/istoricheskie_fakty/drevnejshij-posad-russkogo-severa |script-title=ru:Древнейший посад Русского Севера |trans-title=The oldest Posad of the Russian North |work=Русское слово (Russian Word) |last=Фёдоров (Fyodorova) |first=Елена (Yelena) |date=1 February 2016 |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921155151/https://russlovo.today/rubricator/istoricheskie_fakty/drevnejshij-posad-russkogo-severa |language=ru}} The Nyonoksa churches are the St. Nicholas Church (1763) and the Trinity Church (1727). Nyonoksa was also notable for salt production. Another ensemble, the salt production complex, is neglected since the Great Patriotic War (WWII).
History
Neolithic settlements from 2000 to 1000 BC at Nyonoksa - Sopka ({{langx|ru|«Нёнокса — Сопка»}}) located {{convert|4|km}} from Nyonoksa were excavated in 1893.
The city charter dates from 1397 under Novgorod and later Muscovy rule. The city was named Nyo from Old Scythian meaning "fast flowing river" and Oxa from Finno-Ugric tribes meaning "river" or "small stream". Another version claims that the settlement is named after a Finno-Ugric leader named Niyuksa Soake ({{langx|ru|Ниюкса Соаке}}).
Salt production began during the 1000s and lasted until rich sources were discovered in the Urals during the 1800s which led to Nyonoksa's salt trade ending the early 1900s.
In 1419 and 1445, Norwegian Vikings or Northmen sacked wealthy Nyonoksa.{{cite web |url=https://regnum.ru/news/society/2218845.html |script-title=ru:Соратник Москвы на Русском Севере: Нёнокса |trans-title=Companion of Moscow in the Russian North: Nyonoksa |agency=Regnum |last=Станулевич (Stanulevich) |first=Владимир (Vladimir) |date=17 December 2016 |access-date=10 March 2020 |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921155146/https://regnum.ru/news/society/2218845.html |language=ru}}
In 1553, an English ship the Edward Bonaventure in the Hugh Willoughby expedition and captained by Richard Chancellor and Clement Adams arrived during England's search for the Northern Sea Route to China and India and thus opened Russia under Czar Ivan IV to English merchants.{{cite web |url=https://online.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/smrpub/master/detail.aspx?Authority=ASH&refno=NJ96NW0073 |title=Aberdeenshire HER - NJ96NW0073 - EDWARD BONAVENTURE |work=Aberdeenshire Council |date=9 March 2016 |access-date=10 March 2020}}{{Canmore |num=101791 |desc=Edward Bonaventura: Rosehearty, North Sea |access-date=10 March 2020}}{{efn|During the winter of 1553-4, two other ships in the expedition, the Bona Esperanza and the Bona Confidentia, were left frozen fast in the Arctic ice pack in the mouth of the Arzina River ({{langx|ru|Арзина река}}) east of the Pechenga Monastery and later were found with their crews frozen.{{cite web |url=http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus12/Lain/text.htm |title=Генри Лейн: Письмо г. Генри Лэйна к достопочтенному г. Уилльяму Сэндерсону с кратким изложением открытий на северо-востоке за 33 года (написано после 1583 г.). |trans-title=Henry Lane: Letter from Mr. Henry Lane to the Honorable Mr. William Sanderson, summarizing the discoveries in the Northeast in 33 years (written after 1583). |lang=ru |work=Восточная литература: Средневековые исторические источники Востока и Запада (www.vostlit.info) (Vostochnaya Literatura: Medieval Historical Sources of East and West) website |date= |access-date=2021-02-18 |archive-date=2014-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207042954/http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus12/Lain/text.htm}}}} The ship's captain and crew were taken to Czar Ivan IV{{efn|Ivan IV also known as Ivan the Terrible, the first Czar of all Russia, was reigning during the ship's visit.}} while the ship was repaired. Following repairs Edward Bonaventure sailed for London in 1556 with the first Russian ambassador to England aboard, Osep Gregorovitch Napea, arriving in London in 1557.{{cite web |url=https://www.englandcast.com/2020/02/tudor-minute-february-27-trade-russia/ |title=Tudor Minute, February 27: Trade with Russia |work=Tudor Minute |last=Teysko |first=Heather |date=27 February 2020 |access-date=10 March 2020}} This began the formal diplomatic relations between England and Russia. Nyonoksa was Russia's original "window to England" ({{langx|ru|«окном в Англию»}}).
Notes
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