Ocaina language
{{Short description|Bora–Huitoto language spoken in South America}}
{{Lead too short|date=January 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Ocaina
| nativename = {{lang|oca|Xáfahxajoh}}
| speakers = 55
| date = 2000–2012
| ref = e25
| familycolor = American
| fam1 = Bora–Huitoto
| fam2 = Huitoto–Ocaina
| iso3 = oca
| glotto = ocai1244
| glottorefname = Ocaina
| notice = IPA
| map = Ocaina.png
| ethnicity = Ocaina
| pronunciation = {{IPA|[ˈxaɸaʔxahoʔ]}}
}}
Ocaina is an indigenous American language spoken in western South America.
Classification
Ocaina belongs to the Witotoan language family. It is its own group within the Huitoto-Ocaina sub-family.
Geographic distribution
Dialects
There are two dialects of Ocaina: Dukaiya and Ibo'tsa.
Phonology
=Consonants=
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Ocaina consonant phonemes{{Sfn|Agnew|Pike|1957}} ! colspan=2| ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Velar ! Glottal |
| rowspan=2 style="text-align: left;"|Nasal
!style="font-size: 70%;" | lenis |{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|ɲ}} | | |
|---|
| style="font-size: 70%;" | fortis
|{{IPA link|mː}} |{{IPA link|nː}} |{{IPA link|ɲː}} | | |
| colspan=2|Plosive
|{{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|r}} |{{IPA link|tʲ}} {{IPA link|dʲ}} |{{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|ɡ}} |{{IPA link|ʔ}} |
| colspan=2 | Affricate
| |{{IPA link|ts}} {{IPA link|dz}} |{{IPA link|tʃ}} {{IPA link|dʒ}} | | |
| colspan=2 | Fricative
|{{IPA link|ɸ}} {{IPA link|β}} |{{IPA link|s}} |{{IPA link|ʃ}} {{IPA link|ʒ}} |{{IPA link|x}} |{{IPA link|h}} |
=Vowels=
=Tone=
Syllables in Ocaina may be marked with one of two tones: high or low.
=Syllables=
Syllables in Ocaina consist of a vowel; single consonants may appear on either side of the vowel: (C)V(C).
Writing system
Ocaina is written using a Latin alphabet. A chart of symbols with the sounds they represent is as follows:{{Sfn|Leach|2008||p=66}}
| class="wikitable"
!Latin!!IPA | |
| a | {{IPAslink|a}} |
| b | {{IPAslink|b}} |
| c | {{IPAslink|k}} - {{IPAslink|ts}} |
| ch | {{IPAslink|tʃ}} |
| ds | {{IPAslink|dz}} |
| dy | {{IPAslink|dʲ}} |
| e | {{IPAslink|e}} |
| f | {{IPAslink|ɸ}} |
| g(u) | {{IPAslink|ɡ}} - {{IPAslink|h}} |
| h | {{IPAslink|ʔ}} |
| i | {{IPAslink|i}} |
| j | {{IPAslink|h}} |
| k | {{IPAslink|k}} |
| ll | {{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
| m | {{IPAslink|m}} |
| m̈ | {{IPAslink|mː}} |
| n | {{IPAslink|n}} |
| n̈ | {{IPAslink|nː}} |
| ñ | {{IPAslink|ɲ}} |
| ñ̈ | {{IPAslink|ɲː}} |
| o | {{IPAslink|o}} |
| p | {{IPAslink|p}} |
| qu | {{IPAslink|k}} |
| r | {{IPAslink|r}} |
| s | {{IPAslink|s}} |
| sh | {{IPAslink|ʃ}} |
| t | {{IPAslink|t}} |
| z | {{IPAslink|ts}} |
| ty | {{IPAslink|tʲ}} |
| u | {{IPAslink|ɨ}} |
| v | {{IPAslink|β}} |
| x | {{IPAslink|x}} |
| y | {{IPAslink|ʒ}} |
- Because the Ocaina alphabet is based on Spanish, c is used to indicate {{IPA|/k/}} before a, o, and u, qu is used before e and i, and k is used in loan words, such as {{lang|oca|kerosene}} "kerosene".
- Nasalization is indicated by inserting n after a vowel. Compare: {{lang|oca|tya tyója}} {{IPA|[tʲa tʲóha]}} "hang it" vs. {{lang|oca|tya tyonjan}} {{IPA|[tʲa tʲṍhã]}} "clean it".
- High tone is indicated with the acute accent: á, é, í, ó, ú.
References
{{Reflist}}
= Citations =
- {{Cite journal |last=Agnew |first=Arlene |last2=Pike |first2=Evelyn G. |date=January 1957 |title=Phonemes of Ocaina (Huitoto) |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=24–27 |doi=10.1086/464385}}
- {{Cite book |last=Leach |first=Ilo M. |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/29982 |title=Vocabulario Ocaina |publisher=Instituto Lingüístico de Verano |year=2008 |editor-last=Wise |edition=2nd |series=Serie Lingüística Peruana |volume=4 |location=Yarinacocha, Peru |language=Spanish |format=PDF |editor-first=Mary Ruth}}
{{Languages of Colombia}}
{{Languages of Peru}}