Ocuiltec language

{{Infobox language

| name = Ocuiltec

| altname = Tlahuica

| states = Mexico

| region = State of Mexico

| ethnicity = Matlatzinca (Tlahuica)

| speakers = 100

| date = 2011

| ref = e25

| speakers2 = 2,238 (2020)[http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/hipertexto/todas_lenguas.htm Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020] INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.

| familycolor = oto-manguean

| fam1 = Oto-Manguean

| fam2 = Oto-Pame

| fam3 = Matlatzincan

| iso3 = ocu

| glotto = atzi1235

| glottorefname = Atzingo Matlatzinca

| ELP = 4913

| ELPname = Ocuiltec

| nativename = {{lang|ocu|pjyɇkakjó}}{{citation|title=Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas|chapter=Tlahuica|chapter-url=https://www.inali.gob.mx/clin-inali/html/v_tlahuica.html|url=https://www.inali.gob.mx/pdf/CLIN_completo.pdf|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indigenas|via=Diario Oficial de la Federación|page=105|date=14 January 2008}}{{citation|last=Sabino Nava|first=Rocío|title=¿Somos Ocuiltecos, Atzincas, Tlahuicas o Pjiekakjo?|work=Estudios de Cultura Otopame|volume=7|issue=1}}

}}

File:Matlatzinca_languages.png

Ocuiltec, also known as Tlahuica and Atzingo Matlatzinca, is a moribund language of Central Mexico closely related to Matlatzinca and Pirinda.{{cite thesis|last=Muntzel|first=M. C|date=2003|title=The structure of Ocuilteco|type=PhD|publisher=University of Michigan|publication-place=Ann Arbor}}

Ocuiltec is spoken primarily in the municipality of Ocuilan in the villages Cinco Caminos, Colonia Doctor Gustavo Baz, El Capulín, El Totoc (San José Totoc), Lomas de Teocaltzingo (Loma de Tecalzingo), Ocuilán de Artéaga, San Juan Atzingo, Santa Lucía, Santa Martha, and Santa María Nativitas.{{citation|title=Oto-Pamean|url=https://www.academia.edu/23764748|last=Palancar|first=Enrique L|date=2016}} It may have been spoken in the adjacent area of Morelos, though Matlatzinca could have also existed in it.{{citation|title=Cuauhnáhuac y Huaxtepec (tlahuicas y xochimilcas en el Morelos Prehispánico)|last=Maldonado|first=Druzo|quote=En relación a la lengua que probablemente se hablaba en Morelos antes de la llegada del náhuatl, Smith sugiere en base a inferencias arqueológicas y documentales que, matlatzinca [y/o ocuilteca] se hablaba en el oeste, y mixteco y/o popoloca al este (1983:21)|page=25|date=1990}}

Due to the extremely small speaking population and the unfavourable age structure, Ocuiltec is highly endangered. In the 2000 census, only 26 persons under the age of 20 were registered as speakers of Ocuiltec.

Phonology

= Consonants =

class="wikitable" style=text-align:center ! rowspan="2" \| ! rowspan="2" \|Bilabial ! rowspan="2" \|Alveolar ! rowspan="2" \|Palatal ! colspan="2" \|Velar ! rowspan="2" \|Glottal
plain !lab.
Nasal \|{{IPAlink\|m}} \|{{IPAlink\|n}} \|({{IPA link\|ɲ}}) \|({{IPA link\|ŋ}}) \| \|
Plosive \|{{IPAlink\|p}} \|{{IPAlink\|t}} \| \|{{IPAlink\|k}} \|{{IPA link\|kʷ}} \|{{IPAlink\|ʔ}}
Affricate \| \|{{IPAlink\|t͡s}} \|{{IPAlink\|t͡ʃ}} \| \| \|
Fricative \|{{IPA link\|β}} \|{{IPAlink\|s}} \|{{IPAlink\|ʃ}} \| \| \|{{IPAlink\|h}}
Rhotic \| \|{{IPAlink\|ɾ}} \| \| \| \|
Approximant \| \|{{IPAlink\|l}} \|{{IPAlink\|j}} \| colspan="2" \|{{IPA link\|w}} \|

class="wikitable" style=text-align:center

! rowspan="2" |

! rowspan="2" |Bilabial

! rowspan="2" |Alveolar

! rowspan="2" |Palatal

! colspan="2" |Velar

! rowspan="2" |Glottal

plain

!lab.

Nasal

|{{IPAlink|m}}

|{{IPAlink|n}}

|({{IPA link|ɲ}})

|({{IPA link|ŋ}})

Plosive

|{{IPAlink|p}}

|{{IPAlink|t}}

|{{IPAlink|k}}

|{{IPA link|kʷ}}

|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}

Affricate

|{{IPAlink|t͡s}}

|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}

Fricative

|{{IPA link|β}}

|{{IPAlink|s}}

|{{IPAlink|ʃ}}

|{{IPAlink|h}}

Rhotic

|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}

Approximant

|{{IPAlink|l}}

|{{IPAlink|j}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|w}}

/n/ is heard as velar [ŋ] when before velar stops.
Sounds /m, n, (ɲ), l, j, w/ all become voiceless [m̥, n̥, (ɲ̊), l̥, j̊, w̥] when in groups with /h/.
Stop sounds /p, t, t͡s, t͡ʃ, k, kʷ/ are voiced as [b, d, d͡z, d͡ʒ, ɡ, ɡʷ] when following nasals.
/l/ may be heard as voiceless [l̥] in word-final or syllable-final positions.
/w/ may be heard as a labialized fricative [ɣʷ] in intervocalic positions.
Sounds /p, (b), m/ may also be heard as labialized [pʷ, (bʷ), mʷ] when preceding /ɨ/.
Sounds /t, (d), l, n/ may tend to palatalize as [tʲ, (dʲ), lʲ, nʲ~ɲ] when before high vowels /i, ɨ, u/.
Other sounds such as /f, r/, are heard from Spanish loanwords.

= Vowels =

class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
	Front	Central !Back
Close \|{{IPAlink\|i iː}} \|{{IPAlink\|ɨ ɨː}} \|{{IPAlink\|u uː}}
Mid \|{{IPAlink\|ɛ ɛː}} \|{{IPAlink\|ə əː}} \|{{IPAlink\|ɔ ɔː}}
Open \| \|{{IPAlink\|a aː}} \|

class="wikitable" style=text-align:center

Front

Central

!Back

|{{IPAlink|i iː}}

|{{IPAlink|ɨ ɨː}}

|{{IPAlink|u uː}}

Mid

|{{IPAlink|ɛ ɛː}}

|{{IPAlink|ə əː}}

|{{IPAlink|ɔ ɔː}}

Open

|{{IPAlink|a aː}}

/i/ is heard as [ɪ] in closed syllables.
Vowels may also be heard as nasalized [Ṽ] when preceding nasal consonants.{{Cite book |last=Muntzel |first=Martha C. |title=Tlahuica de San Juan Atzingo, Ocuilan, Estado de México |last2=Nestor |first2=Natividad González |publisher=México: El Colegio de México |year=2017}}

Notes

Category:Indigenous languages of Mexico

Category:Mesoamerican languages

Matlatzinca

Category:Matlatzinca