Offensive into Swedish Pomerania (1659)

After his highly successful war with Denmark and the treaty of Roskilde, Charles X Gustav wished to turn his forces towards Brandenburg and Austria. However, the Swedes did not entirely trust the Danes to keep the peace, with these suspicions being strengthened when Denmark refused to enact all the terms of the Roskilde treaty. Thus, a decision was made to completely wipe Denmark out as an independent state to later move to the continent.{{Sfn|Sundberg|2010|p=163}}

File:Stormen på København (F.C. Lund).jpg from 1887]]

In mid-July of 1658, Swedish preprarations were finished. On 6 August, around 60 cargo ships with an escort of 10 warhips sailed towards Korsør with 5,700 men onboard. They planned to quickly disembark and then move towards Copenhagen and take the Danish fleet stationed in its harbour.{{Sfn|Sundberg|2010|pp=163 & 165}} After besieging the city for months, the Swedes would lead an unsuccessful assault on 11 February 1659, during which around 2,000 Swedes died.{{Cite web |last=Jørgensen |first=Sebastian Olden |date=2024-10-03 |title=Københavns belejring |url=https://lex.dk/K%C3%B8benhavns_belejring |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Lex |language=da}}

In June of the same year, a Austro-Danish force led by Raimondo Montecuccoli, and supported by a Dutch fleet, attempted to land on the island of Funen. Although being able to make their way up on the beach, the Dano-Austrian troops were soon repelled by Carl Gustaf Wrangel, who inflicted heavy casualties on the attackers.{{Sfn|Bonnesen|1924|p=553}}{{Sfn|Isacson|2015|p=242}} The elector of Brandenburg, Frederick William, soon suggested a new plan to land, but they were thwarted by the battle of Ebeltoft.{{Sfn|Isacson|2015|p=242}}

In August, when the Austrians, Poles, and Brandenburgians gave up in their attempts to land on Funen, an army of 14,000{{Sfn|Englund|2000|pp=710–711}} or 17,000{{Sfn|von Essen|2023|p=379}} Austrians{{Sfn|Englund|2000|pp=710–711}} was assembled in mid-Summer in northern Silesia.{{Sfn|Englund|2000|p=711}} Their objective was to invade Swedish Pomerania, Sweden's most important possession in Germany.{{Sfn|Englund|2000|p=711}}{{Sfn|von Essen|2023|p=379}}

The offensive began in August when Jean-Louis Souches led the Imperial army into Pomerania. He sent a force of 1,300 men towards Greifenhagen to capture it after reaching Landsberg an der Warthe. Greifenhagen was easily captured, as it had no garrison. Another force of 600 men moved against Wildenbruch, forcing it to surrender after six days of resistance. Kammin was also captured by Johann Reichard Starhemberg with 1,000 captured. After reaching the village of Fritzow on 20 August, he continued to Wolin. They soon assaulted the main city on the island, also called Wolin, and captured it after the second assault, killing some 900{{Sfn|Bonnesen|1924|p=574}} or 1,200 Swedes{{Sfn|Isacson|2015|p=95}} along with their commander, Elias Wolfgang Braun.{{Sfn|Bonnesen|1924|p=574}} Damm was also captured after Souches had received the necessary siege artillery.{{Sfn|von Essen|2023|p=379}}

A week after Souches' initial crossing into Pomerania, Frederick William left Jutland with 13,000 men, going towards western Pomerania. After more than a month, he finally arrived, capturing Warnemünde, Tribsees, Clempenow, Loitz, and Damgarten. He also attacked Greifswald which ultimately failed.{{Sfn|von Essen|2023|p=380}}{{Sfn|Bonnesen|1924|pp=568–571}}

{{Main article|Siege of Stettin (1659)}}

File:Agneta Horns lefverne - Stettin.png]]

On 12 September, Austrian troops under Souches continued towards Stettin, who would set up a camp outside of the city on 19 September after arriving with the main force. On 20 September, he received reinforcements in the fort of three infantry and two cavalry regiments.{{Sfn|von Essen|2023|p=381}} There were also Polish troops present.{{Cite web |last=Hildebrand |first=Bror Emil |year=1860 |title=37 (Minnespenningar öfver enskilda svenska män och qvinnor) |url=https://runeberg.org/minnesp/0057.html |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=runeberg.org |publisher=Kongl. Witterhets Historie och Antiqvitets Akademiens Förlag |language=sv |publication-place=Stockholm}} He sent a letter asking for the city's capitulation, which was promptly refused. He soon began bombarding the city,{{Sfn|Barkman|Lundkvist|Tersmeden|1966|p=414}} and this intensified after they established 13 artillery batteries with heavier siege artillery.{{Sfn|Englund|2000|p=714}}{{Sfn|Barkman|Lundkvist|Tersmeden|1966|p=415}} The Swedish commander of the city, Paul Würtz, tried to calm the increasingly discouraged burghers, but was forced to send a delegation to Carl Gustaf Wrangel. The delegation came back on 25 October with news that reinforcements were on the way.{{Sfn|Barkman|Lundkvist|Tersmeden|1966|p=416}}

These reinforcements arrived on 31 October, and Würtz took advantage of the morale boost to do a sortie.{{Sfn|Barkman|Lundkvist|Tersmeden|1966|pp=416–417}} At 11:30AM on St. Martin's day, the sortie began. The Austrians were taken by surprise, with many being killed or captured. The Swedes then advanced to their camp, buying time to allow for the Austrian artillery to be destroyed.{{Sfn|Isacson|2015|p=94}}{{Sfn|Barkman|Lundkvist|Tersmeden|1966|p=417}} The Swedes also destroyed a majority of the Brandenburgian artillery before withdrawing back into the city.{{Sfn|von Essen|2023|p=381}} The Swedes then, on 2 November, attacked Allied supply depots at both Curow and Nieder-Zahlen, both attacks being successful. Wrangel departed from the city on 5 November, and in the evening of the same day, the Allies withdrew aswell.{{Sfn|Barkman|Lundkvist|Tersmeden|1966|pp=418–419}}

During the siege, Wrangel had already reinforced Pomerania with 2,000 men. During this, he managed to disperse allied troops, capturing Swinemünde, and relieving Greifswald and Wolgast.{{Sfn|von Essen|2023|p=381}}

After the lifting of the siege, the Austrians went to Greifenhagen, while the Brandenburgers going to Löcknitz.{{Sfn|Englund|2000|p=715}} They later withdrew completely out of Pomerania,{{Sfn|von Essen|2023|p=381}} which secured Sweden's dominion over it.{{Sfn|Englund|2000|p=715}}

• {{Annotated link|Swedish Offensive into Prussia (1659)}}

{{reflist}}

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• {{Cite book |last=Isacson |first=Claes-Göran |author-link=:sv:Claes-Göran Isacson |title=Karl X Gustavs krig: Fälttågen i Polen, Tyskland, Baltikum, Danmark och Sverige 1655-1660 |publisher=Historiska Media |year=2015 |isbn=9789175450117 |language=sv |trans-title=Wars of Charles X Gustav: The campaigns in Poland, Germany, the Baltics, Denmark and Sweden 1655-1660}}

Category:Military campaigns involving Sweden

Category:Conflicts in 1659

Category:History of Pomerania

Category:Northern War of 1655–1660