Official Code of Georgia Annotated

{{Short description|Compendium of all laws in the U.S. state of Georgia}}

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File:Volumes 38-44 of Official Code of Georgia Annotated.jpg

The Official Code of Georgia Annotated or OCGA is the compendium of all laws in the state of Georgia. Like other state codes in the United States, its legal interpretation is subject to the U.S. Constitution, the U.S. Code, the Code of Federal Regulations, and the state's constitution. It is to the state what the U.S. Code is to the federal government.

An unusual feature of the OCGA is that, as stated in section 1-1-1, the privately prepared code annotations are officially merged into the official copy and are published under the authority of the state. The state held that it retained sole copyright in the code and that the authorized publisher held copyright to the annotations, though the laws of the state were the combination of the code and the annotations. Thus, the publisher would charge for reproductions of the OCGA, with a portion of the fee being returned to the state as a licensing fee. This longstanding feature goes back to the Code of 1872. In 2018, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that the OCGA is not copyrightable,{{Cite court|litigants=Code Revision Commission, et al v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.|court=11th Cir.|url=http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/201711589.pdf}} and the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that holding in April 2020.

History

The OCGA is the descendant of the first successfully enacted attempt in any English-speaking jurisdiction at a comprehensive codification of the substance of the common law, the Code of Georgia of 1861.{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Marion |title=First Codification of the Substantive Common Law |journal=Tulane Law Review |date=1930 |volume=4 |pages=178–189}} The enactment of the Code predated the enactment of civil codes in 1866 in Dakota Territory and 1872 in California based on the work of New York-based law reformer David Dudley Field II. In 1889, Field expressly conceded that point in a written article; he credited his lack of awareness of the contemporaneous Georgia project "to the breaking out of the Civil War."

Unlike the relatively race-neutral Field civil code,{{cite journal |last1=Funk |first1=Kellen |last2=Mullen |first2=Lincoln A. |title=The Spine of American Law: Digital Text Analysis and U.S. Legal Practice |journal=The American Historical Review |date=February 2018 |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=132-164 |doi=10.1093/ahr/123.1.132 |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID4504942_code2390278.pdf?abstractid=3001377&mirid=1}} (At p. 154.) large portions of the original Code of Georgia were drafted by the pro-slavery Confederate lawyer Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb, so that the Code was shot through with Cobb's strong bias in favor of slavery and white supremacy. For example, as originally enacted, it contained a presumption that blacks were prima facie slaves until proven otherwise.Andrew P. Morriss, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vxjOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA314 "Georgia Code (1861),"] in Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, And Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 1, ed. Junius P. Rodriguez (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2007), 314-315. After the Civil War (in which Cobb died at the Battle of Fredericksburg), the Code had to be heavily revised in 1867 to eliminate portions that were obviously incompatible with the Thirteenth Amendment. The Code has been further revised and reenacted many times since.

Copyrightability

In 2013 the State of Georgia, specifically the Georgia Code Revision Commission, threatened to sue Carl Malamud for copyright infringement over the posting of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated on the website Public.Resource.Org.[https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20130730/01253723998/georgia-claims-its-annotated-laws-are-covered-copyright-threatens-carl-malamud-publishing-law.shtml "Georgia Claims Its Annotated Laws Are Covered by Copyright, Threatens Carl Malamud for Publishing the Law"] In 2015, the State of Georgia filed a copyright infringement lawsuit in the U.S. District Court, Northern District of Georgia.{{Cite Pacer

| plaintiff = CRC

| defendant = Public.Resource.Org

| title = Complaint

| date = Jul 21, 2015

| case-division = 1

| case-year = 2015

| case-type = cv

| case-sequence = 02594

| case-state = ga

| case-district = nd

| doc-number = 1

| pacer-number = 218354

| access-date = Jul 25, 2017

| use-pacer = yes

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| case-title = Code Revision Commission et al. v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.

}} The State of Georgia claimed a copyright in the Code, and that Carl Malamud and Public.Resource.Org had violated that copyright. Public.Resource.Org claimed that since the state has chosen to make the Official Code of Georgia Annotated the official and authoritative code of the entire state, the Code should not be subject to copyright law, and should be freely available for all citizens to read and access. The Code also holds, in denoting the annotated code as the "official code," that authorship and copyright remains with the State and not with the publisher.

In October 2018, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that the Official Code of Georgia, Annotated, is not copyrightable. The Code Revision Commission, established by the Georgia General Assembly,Ga. Code Ann. § 28-9-2 (Lexis Advance through the 2019 Regular Session of the General Assembly and HB 276 and HB 444 of the 2020 Regular Session of the General Assembly). appealed this decision to the United States Supreme Court. The Court heard the oral arguments on December 2, 2019.{{cite web|url=https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/georgia-v-public-resource-org-inc/|title=Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org Inc.|publisher=Scotusblog|access-date=March 22, 2020}} The case, Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc., decided the question:

Whether the government edicts doctrine extends to – and thus renders uncopyrightable – works that lack the force of law, such as the annotations in the Official Code of Georgia Annotated.{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/18-1150.html|title=Docket for 18-1150|website=www.supremecourt.gov|access-date=2019-06-26}}

In April 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States affirmed the appeals court ruling by holding that the code annotations were ineligible for copyright protection.{{cite court |litigants= Georgia v. Public.Resource.org |vol=No. 18–1150 |reporter=(slip op.) |court=U.S. Sup. Ct. |date=April 27, 2020 |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/19pdf/18-1150_7m58.pdf |access-date=2020-04-27 |}}

Titles

The OCGA is divided into 53 titles:

General Provisions
Agriculture
Alcoholic Beverages
Animals
Appeal and Error
Aviation
Banking and Finance
Buildings and Housing
Civil Practice
Commerce and Trade
Commercial Code
Conservation and Natural Resources
Contracts
Corporations, Partnerships, and Associations
Courts
Crimes and Offenses
Criminal Procedure
Debtor and Creditor
Domestic Relations
Education
Elections
Eminent Domain
Equity
Evidence
Fire Protection and Safety
Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics
Game and Fish
General Assembly
Guardian and Ward
Handicapped Persons
Health
Highways, Bridges, and Ferries
Insurance
Labor and Industrial Relations
Law Enforcement Officers and Agencies
Local Government
Mental Health
Military, Emergency Management, and Veterans Affairs
Minors
Motor Vehicles and Traffic
Nuisances
Penal Institutions
Professions and Businesses
Property
Public Officers and Employees
Public Utilities and Public Transportation
Retirement and Pensions
Revenue and Taxation
Social Services
State Government
Torts
Waters of the State, Ports, and Watercraft
Wills, Trusts, and Administration of Estates

References

External links

[https://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/gacode/Default.asp Official Code of Georgia Annotated] from LexisNexis (Must be initially accessed from the [http://www.legis.ga.gov/ Georgia General Assembly] site under "Legislation & Laws" tab to function correctly, and may require clearing cookies.)
[https://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/ga/ Official Code of Georgia Annotated] from Public.Resource.Org
[https://archive.org/details/gov.ga.ocga.2018 Bulk Access to Official Code of Georgia Annotated]. (HTML, .rtf, Open Document file formats)
[http://www.socratek.com/StateLaws.aspx?state=Georgia&code=13 Georgia State Codes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718124120/http://www.socratek.com/StateLaws.aspx?state=Georgia&code=13 |date=2013-07-18 }} from Socratek

Georgia

Category:Georgia (U.S. state) law

Category:Georgia (U.S. state) statutes