Ohrid Agreement (2001)
{{short description|2001 peace agreement}}
{{About|2001 agreement between the government of North Macedonia and its ethnic Albanian minority|the 2023 agreement between Kosovo and Serbia concluded at Ohrid|Ohrid Agreement (2023)}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Ohrid Framework Agreement
| long_name =
| image = Aneks kon ramkoven dogovor.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_alt =
| caption = Annex of Ohrid Agreement
| type = Peace agreement
| context =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|8|13}}
| location_signed = Ohrid, Macedonia (now North Macedonia)
| date_sealed =
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| mediators =
| negotiators =
| original_signatories = Government of Macedonia
- Albanian minority representatives
| signatories =
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| ratifiers =
| depositor =
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| citations =
| language =
| languages = English as the only authentic versionClause 10.2 states that English language version of this Agreement is the only authentic version. {{Citation|url=https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/2/8/100622.pdf|title=Framework Agreement|publisher=OSCE|year=2001|pages=4}}
| wikisource =
| wikisource1 =
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}}
The Ohrid Framework Agreement ({{langx|mk|Охридски рамковен договор|Ohridski ramkoven dogovor}}, {{langx|sq|Marrëveshja e Ohrit}}) was the peace deal signed by the government of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) and representatives of the Albanian minority on 13 August 2001. The agreement was signed by the country's four political parties after international mediators demanded their commitment to its ratification and implementation within a four-year period.{{Cite book|title=Ethno-Baroque: Materiality, Aesthetics and Conflict in Modern-Day Macedonia|last=Dimova|first=Rozita|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2013|isbn=9781782380405|location=New York|pages=131}}
Provisions
The Ohrid Agreement created a framework for North Macedonia as a civic state, ending the armed conflict between the National Liberation Army and the security forces of Macedonia.{{Cite book|title=Peace Agreements: Finding Solutions to Intra-state Conflicts|last=Caspersen|first=Nina|publisher=Polity Press|year=2017|isbn=9780745680262|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=76}} It established basic principles of the state such as cessation of hostilities, voluntary disarmament of ethnic Albanian armed groups, government devolution, and the reform of minority political and cultural rights.{{Cite book|title=The Balkans|last=Watkins|first=Clem S.|publisher=Nova Science Publishers, Inc.|year=2003|isbn=1590335252|location=New York|pages=113}}
The deal also included provisions for altering the official languages of the country, with any language spoken by more than 20% of the population becoming co-official with the Macedonian language at the municipal level. Only the Albanian language, with an approximate 25% of the population being speakers, currently qualifies as a co-official language under this criterion.{{cite journal|url=http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/2002/nr1/Focus1-2002Brunnbauer.pdf|title=The implementation of the Ohrid Agreement: Ethnic Macedonian resentments|first=Ulf|last=Brunnbauer|journal=Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe|issue=1/2002|year=2002|access-date=2015-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923233057/http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/2002/nr1/Focus1-2002Brunnbauer.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-23|url-status=dead}} The Ohrid Framework Agreement is an example of the adoption of consociationalism.{{cite book|last=Fontana|first=Giuditta|title=Education Policy and Power-Sharing in Post-Conflict Societies: Lebanon, Northern Ireland, and Macedonia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJTlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA102|year=2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-31426-6|page=102}}
According to the document, the English-language version is the only authentic version of the Ohrid Framework Agreement. The Government of Macedonia had to adapt the Constitution of Macedonia in order to provide the Albanian minority living in Macedonia with fifteen basic rights. The lead negotiator, on the behalf of the European Union, was François Léotard. James W. Pardew represented the United States.{{cite book|author=Laurence Cooley|title=The European Union's Approach to Conflict Resolution: Transformation Or Regulation in the Western Balkans?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gpl_swEACAAJ|year=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-138-48719-2|page=103}}
Notes
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External links
- [https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/2/8/100622.pdf Ohrid Framework Agreement Authoritative English Text] hosted via Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20181123140123/http://www.siofa.gov.mk/data/file/Ramkoven_dogovor_mk.pdf Ohrid Framework Agreement Text in Macedonian]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20180403083229/http://www.siofa.gov.mk/data/file/Ramkoven_dogovor_al.pdf Ohrid Framework Agreement Text in Albanian]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20160823161129/http://www.fes.org.mk/pdf/OFA_english.pdf Florian Bieber et al., Power Sharing and the Implementation of the Ohrid Framework Agreement], Friedrich Ebert Stiftung - Office Macedonia, Skopje, 2008.
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20160806192532/http://www.crpm.org.mk/wp-content/uploads/AboutUS/OneDecade.pdf Marija Risteska and Zhidas Daskalovski (eds), One decade after the Ohrid Framework Agreement: Lessons (to be) learned from the Macedonian experience], Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Center for research and policy making, 2011.
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20120501064919/http://seeu.edu.mk/files/research/projects/OFA_EN_Final.pdf Blerim Reka (ed.), Ten years from the Ohrid Framework Agreement], South East European University, Tetovo, 2011.
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Category:2001 insurgency in Macedonia
Category:Treaties of North Macedonia
Category:Treaties concluded in 2001
Category:Treaties entered into force in 2001
Category:August 2001 in Europe
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