Oksapmin language

{{Short description|Trans–New Guinea language spoken in Papua New Guinea}}

{{for|the local-level government in Papua New Guinea|Oksapmin Rural LLG}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Oksapmin

|altname=Oksap

|nativename=nuxule meŋ 'our language'

|states=Papua New Guinea

|region=Oksapmin Rural LLG, Telefomin District, Sandaun

|speakers=12,000

|date=2005

|ref=e25

|familycolor=Papuan

|fam1=Trans–New Guinea

|iso3=opm

|glotto=oksa1245

|glottorefname=Oksapmin

|dia1=Upper Oksapmin

|dia2=Lower Oksapmin

|script=Latin

|map=Oksapmin language.svg

|mapcaption=Map: The Oksapmin language of New Guinea

{{legend|#FF5E5F|The Oksapmin language}}

{{legend|#7BB5B6|Other Trans–New Guinea languages}}

{{legend|#D9D9D9|Other Papuan languages}}

{{legend|#E09D00|Austronesian languages}}

{{legend|white|Uninhabited}}

|notice=IPA

}}

Oksapmin is a Trans–New Guinea language spoken in Oksapmin Rural LLG, Telefomin District, Sandaun, Papua New Guinea.

The two principal dialects are distinct enough to cause some problems with mutual intelligibility.

Oksapmin has dyadic kinship terms[http://conferences.arts.usyd.edu.au/program.php?cf=19 The Oksapmin Kinship System] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920071406/http://conferences.arts.usyd.edu.au/program.php?cf=19 |date=2009-09-20 }}, retrieved May 21, 2009. and a body-part counting system that goes up to 27.{{Cite journal |last1=Saxe |first1=Geoffrey B. |last2=Moylan |first2=Thomas |year=1982 |title=The development of measurement operations among the Oksapmin of Papua New Guinea |journal=Child Development |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=1242–1248 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.1982.tb04161.x |jstor=1129012}}. Notable ethnographic research by Geoffrey B. Saxe at UC Berkeley has documented the encounter between pre-contact uses of number and its cultural evolution under conditions of monetization and exposure to schooling and the formal economy among the Oksapmin.{{Cite book |last=Saxe |first=Geoffrey |title=Cultural development of mathematical ideas: Papua New Guinea studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780521761666 |location=New York, NY}}

Classification

Oksapmin has been influenced by the Mountain Ok languages (the name "Oksapmin" is from Telefol), and the similarities with those languages were attributed to borrowing in the classifications of both Stephen Wurm (1975) and Malcolm Ross (2005), where Oksapmin was placed as an independent branch of Trans–New Guinea. Loughnane (2009){{harvp|Loughnane|2009}} and Loughnane and Fedden (2011){{Cite journal |last1=Loughnane |first1=Robyn |last2=Fedden |first2=Sebastian |date=2011 |title=Is Oksapmin Ok?—A Study of the Genetic Relationship between Oksapmin and the Ok Languages |journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–42 |doi=10.1080/07268602.2011.533635|s2cid=58263200 |url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/792226/3/Loughnane%2C%20R.%20and%20S.%20Fedden%20-%20Is%20Oksapmin%20Ok.pdf }} conclude that it is related to the Ok languages, though those languages share innovative features not found in Oksapmin. Usher finds Oksapmin is not related to the Ok languages specifically, though it is related at some level to the southwestern branches of Trans–New Guinea.

Phonology

=Vowels=

There are six monophthongs, {{IPA|/i e ə a o u/}}, and one diphthong, {{IPA|/ai/}}.

=Consonants=

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|

!rowspan="2"| Bilabial

!rowspan="2"| Alveolar

!rowspan="2"| Palatal

!colspan="2"| Velar

unrounded

! rounded

colspan="2"| Nasal

| {{IPA link|m}}

| {{IPA link|n}}

|

| {{IPA link|ŋ}}

|

rowspan="2"| Stop

! voiceless

|

| {{IPA link|t}}

|

| {{IPA link|k}}

| {{IPA link|kʷ}}

prenasal

| {{IPA link|ᵐb}}

| {{IPA link|ⁿd}}

|

| {{IPA link|ᵑɡ}}

| {{IPA link|ᵑɡʷ}}

colspan="2"| Fricative

| {{IPA link|ɸ}}

| {{IPA link|s}}

|

| {{IPA link|x}}

| {{IPA link|xʷ}}

colspan="2"| Lateral

|

| {{IPA link|l}}

|

|

|

colspan="2"| Semivowel

|

|

| {{IPA link|j}}

|

| {{IPA link|w}}

class="wikitable"

!Phoneme

!Allophone

{{IPAslink|t}}

|{{IPAblink|t}}, {{IPAblink|tʰ}}

{{IPAslink|k}}

|{{IPAblink|k}}, {{IPAblink|kʰ}}

{{IPAslink|ᵐb}}

|{{IPAblink|ᵐb}}, {{IPAblink|m}}

{{IPAslink|ⁿd}}

|{{IPAblink|ⁿd}}, {{IPAblink|n}}

{{IPAslink|ᵑɡ}}

|{{IPAblink|ᵑɡ}}, {{IPAblink|ŋ}}

{{IPAslink|ɸ}}

|{{IPAblink|ɸ}}, {{IPAblink|β}}, {{IPAblink|p}}, {{IPA|[{{IPAlink|pɸ}}~{{IPAlink|pʰ}}]}}

{{IPAslink|s}}

|{{IPAblink|s}}, {{IPAblink|z}}

{{IPAslink|x}}

|{{IPAblink|x}}, {{IPAblink|ɣ}}, {{IPAblink|ç}}, {{IPAblink|ʝ}}

=Tone=

Oksapmin contrasts two tones: high and low.

References

{{Reflist}}

  • {{Cite thesis |last=Loughnane |first=Robyn |title=A grammar of Oksapmin |date=2009 |degree=PhD |publisher=The University of Melbourne |url=http://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/35153 |hdl=11343/35153 |hdl-access=free }}