Olive flounder

In Japanese, olive flounder is called hirame (ヒラメ). In Korean, it is called gwangeo ({{Korean|hangul=광어|hanja=廣魚|lit=flatfish|labels=no}}). In Chinese, it is called yaping (牙鮃) or biankouyu (扁口魚).

In English, it is often referred to as "Japanese flounder" or "Korean flatfish" when mentioned in the context of those countries.

It reaches a length of {{convert|103|cm|abbr=on}} and a weight of {{convert|9.1|kg|abbr=on}}.{{FishBase | genus = Paralichthys | species = olivaceus | month = May | year = 2014}} In 2017 its genome and transcriptome was sequenced as a model to study flatfish asymmetry.{{Cite journal|last1=Shao|first1=Changwei|last2=Bao|first2=Baolong|last3=Xie|first3=Zhiyuan|last4=Chen|first4=Xinye|last5=Li|first5=Bo|last6=Jia|first6=Xiaodong|last7=Yao|first7=Qiulin|last8=Ortí|first8=Guillermo|last9=Li|first9=Wenhui|date=January 2017|title=The genome and transcriptome of Japanese flounder provide insights into flatfish asymmetry|journal=Nature Genetics|language=en|volume=49|issue=1|pages=119–124|doi=10.1038/ng.3732|pmid=27918537|issn=1061-4036|doi-access=free|hdl=10400.1/11355|hdl-access=free}}

File:Paralichthys olivaceus Umigatari.jpg|Specimen at Joetsu Aquarium

File:Hirame.jpg|Closeup of eyes

The olive flounder is often found in soft and muddy offshore, coastal areas where the water level goes down to 100 m in depth. The temperature of water in these areas range from 21–24 °C or 69–75 °F. Some flounder have been found in the Mariana Trench.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Olive flounder typically eat fish spawn, crustaceans, polychaetes, and small fish.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Olive flounder spawn anytime from January through August in shallow water, roughly about 70 cm in depth. The egg and larvae remain that way for about 24–50 days after hatching. Once they begin their metamorphosis process, they move towards more sandy areas and feed on shrimp. After achieving metamorphosis, the flounder move offshore and begin feeding on bigger fish in order to grow to their adult size.

Olive flounder first start out upright like normal fish, but then after 24 to 50 days after hatching they turn onto their side. Their previous side now becomes their belly or their underside and then their eye and nostril move towards what is now considered the back. This process is typically called the "metamorphosis."

File:Bastard halibut total production thousand tonnes 1950-2022.svg{{Cite web |title=Fisheries and Aquaculture - Global Production |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/global_production?lang=en |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}}]]

The olive flounder is the most common flatfish species raised in aquaculture in Korea. They are raised in Japan and China as well. It is the most highly prized of the Japanese flounders. Although the aquaculture for the olive flounder started from the late 1980s, its commercial production didn't begin on a major scale until the 1990s in Korea.

File:Parasite150085-fig1 Kudoa septempunctata in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) muscles.tif in olive flounder muscles]]

The myxozoan Kudoa septemlineata has been described in 2010 from olive flounder from Korea.{{cite journal|last1=Matsukane|first1=Yuuki|last2=Sato|first2=Hiroshi|last3=Tanaka|first3=Shuhei|last4=Kamata|first4=Yoichi|last5=Sugita-Konishi|first5=Yoshiko|title=Kudoa septempunctata n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida) from an aquacultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) imported from Korea|journal=Parasitology Research|volume=107|issue=4|year=2010|pages=865–872|issn=0932-0113|doi=10.1007/s00436-010-1941-8|pmid=20549238 }} This microscopic parasite infects the trunk muscles of the olive flounder where it causes myoliquefaction. Ingestion of raw fish containing K. septemlineata spores has been reported as a cause of food poisoning (gastroenteritis) in Japan since 2003.{{cite journal|last1=Kawai|first1=T.|last2=Sekizuka|first2=T.|last3=Yahata|first3=Y.|last4=Kuroda|first4=M.|last5=Kumeda|first5=Y.|last6=Iijima|first6=Y.|last7=Kamata|first7=Y.|last8=Sugita-Konishi|first8=Y.|last9=Ohnishi|first9=T.|title=Identification of Kudoa septempunctata as the Causative Agent of Novel Food Poisoning Outbreaks in Japan by Consumption of Paralichthys olivaceus in Raw Fish|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=54|issue=8|year=2012|pages=1046–1052|issn=1058-4838|doi=10.1093/cid/cir1040|pmid=22281845|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|last1=Iwashita|first1=Yoshiaki|last2=Kamijo|first2=Yoshito|last3=Nakahashi|first3=Susumu|last4=Shindo|first4=Akihiro|last5=Yokoyama|first5=Kazuto|last6=Yamamoto|first6=Akitaka|last7=Omori|first7=Yukinari|last8=Ishikura|first8=Ken|last9=Fujioka|first9=Masaki|last10=Hatada|first10=Tsuyoshi|last11=Takeda|first11=Taichi|last12=Maruyama|first12=Kazuo|last13=Imai|first13=Hiroshi|title=Food Poisoning Associated with Kudoa Septempunctata|journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=44|issue=5|year=2013|pages=943–945|issn=0736-4679|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.11.026|pmid=23357380}} However, laboratory studies performed in 2015 and 2016 on adult{{cite journal|last1=Ahn|first1=Meejung|last2=Woo|first2=Hochoon|last3=Kang|first3=Bongjo|last4=Jang|first4=Yeounghwan|last5=Shin|first5=Taekyun|title=Effect of oral administration of Kudoa septempunctata genotype ST3 in adult BALB/c mice|journal=Parasite|volume=22|year=2015|pages=35|issn=1776-1042|doi=10.1051/parasite/2015035|url= |pmid= 26630307|pmc=4668110}} {{open access}} and suckling mice{{cite journal|last1=Jang|first1=Yeounghwan|last2=Ahn|first2=Meejung|last3=Bang|first3=Hyojin|last4=Kang|first4=Bongjo|title=Effects of Kudoa septempunctata genotype ST3 isolate from Korea on ddY suckling mice|journal=Parasite|volume=23|year=2016|pages=18|issn=1776-1042|doi=10.1051/parasite/2016020|pmid= 27067108|url= |pmc=4828580}} {{open access}} showed that K. septemlineata spores were excreted in faeces and did not affect the gastrointestinal tract.

Oliver flounder is widely eaten as food in East Asia, often raw.

File:Korean cuisine-Hoe-01.jpg|Korean hoe

File:Sushiro---2020-02-29 001.jpg|Japanese sushi

File:Olive flounder carpaccio.jpg|Italian carpaccio

File:Hirame flatfish front.JPG

File:Hirame flatfish 5mai 2.JPG

The olive flounder has appeared in the video game series Animal Crossing as one of the various fish species the player is able to catch using a fishing rod.{{cite web |title=Animal Crossing: New Horizons Fish Guide - How To Catch, Prices, Shadow Sizes, And More |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/animal-crossing-new-horizons-fish-guide-how-to-cat/1100-6474887/ |website=GameSpot |access-date=April 16, 2020}}

{{Commons category|Paralichthys olivaceus}}

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.lib.noaa.gov/korea/main_species/flounder.htm Korea-US Aquaculture: Olive Flounder]

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olive flounder

Category:Fish of Japan

Category:Fish of Korea

Category:Fish of East Asia

olive flounder