On-to-Ottawa Trek#Regina Riot
{{Short description|1935 protest movement by unemployed workers against the Canadian government}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2019}}
{{redirect|Regina riot|the football team|Regina Riot (football)}}
Image:Kamloops on to Ottawa.jpg]]
The On-to-Ottawa Trek was a mass protest movement in Canada in 1935 sparked by unrest among unemployed single men in federal relief camps principally in Western Canada. The trek started in Vancouver and, picking up reinforcements along the way, was conducted by riding traincars eastward. The trek was stopped in Regina where on July 1, 1935, police dispersed it with loss of life and mass arrests.
Federal relief camps were brought in under Prime Minister R. B. Bennett's government as a result of the Great Depression. The Great Depression crippled the Canadian economy and left one in nine citizens on relief.{{cite book | last=Zuehlke | first=Mark | year=1996 | title=The Gallant Cause: Canadians in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 | publisher=Whitecap Books | location=Vancouver | ISBN =1-55110-488-1}} The relief, however, did not come free; the Bennett government ordered the Department of National Defence to organize work camps where single unemployed men were used to construct roads and other public works at a rate of twenty cents per day. The men in the relief camps were living in poor conditions with very low wages. The men decided to unite in 1933, led by Arthur "Slim" Evans, an officer of the Workers' Unity League (WUL).{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/on-to-ottawa-trek|title=On to Ottawa Trek |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date=2019-11-22}} The Workers' Unity League helped the men organize the Relief Camp Workers' Union.
A strike was held in December 1934 with the men leaving the various camps and protesting in Vancouver, British Columbia. After a two-month protest, they returned to the camps after a promise of a government commission to look into their complaints. When a commission was not appointed a second strike was approved by the members and a walkout was called on April 4, 1935.
About 1,000 strikers headed for Ottawa.{{cite book |last = Waiser |first = Bill|year = 2003|title = All Hell Can't Stop Us: The On-to-Ottawa Trek and Regina Riot|publisher = Fifth House|location = Calgary}} The strikers' demands were:
“(1) that work with wages be instituted at a minimum of 50cents per hour for unskilled workers and trade union rates for skilled labour on the basis of a six-hour day, a five-day week with a minimum of twenty work days per month;
(2) that all workers in the camps be covered by the Workmen's Compensation Act and that adequate first aid supplies be carried on the jobs at all times;
(3) that the National Defence and all military control with the system of blacklisting be abolished;
(4) that democratically elected committees be recognized in every camp;
(5) that there be instituted a system of noncontributory unemployment insurance;
(6) that all workers be given their democratic right to vote;
(7) that Section 98 of the Criminal Code, Sections 41 and 42 of the Immigration Act and all vagrancy laws and anti-working class laws be repealed”.{{cite book |last1=Howard |first1=Victor |title="We were the salt of the earth!" : a narrative of the On-to-Ottawa trek and the Regina riot |date=1985 |publisher=Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina |isbn=0889770379 |pages=26–27 |url=https://archive.org/details/weweresaltofeart0000howa/ |access-date=5 March 2022}}
Public support for the men was enormous, but the municipal, provincial and federal governments passed responsibility between themselves. They then decided to take their grievances to the federal government. On June 3, 1935, hundreds of men began boarding boxcars headed east in what became known as the "On-to-Ottawa Trek".
Meeting in Ottawa
The protesters reached Regina, Saskatchewan, on June 14, 1935. Three days later, on June 17, the protesters met with two federal cabinet ministers in the government of Prime Minister R. B. Bennett, Robert Manion and Robert Weir. Manion and Weir invited eight elected representatives of the protest (with Arthur "Slim" Evans as their leader) to Ottawa to meet Bennett on the condition the rest of the protesters stay in Regina, where a large contingent of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police was located.{{Cite book|title=Recollections of the On To Ottawa Trek|last1=Liversedge|first1=Ronald|last2=Howard|first2=Victor|publisher=MQUP|date=1973-01-15|location=Montreal|pages=194–216}} The remaining trekkers continued to remain in the stadium located on Regina Exhibition Grounds, "with food and shelter supplied by townspeople and the Saskatchewan government."
The June 22 Ottawa meeting turned into a shouting match, with Bennett accusing Evans of being an "embezzler". Evans, in turn, called the Prime Minister "a liar" before the delegation was finally escorted out of the building and on to the street.
Regina riot
{{redirect|Regina Riot|the women's tackle football team|Regina Riot (football)}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = Regina Riot
| subtitle =
| partof = the On-to-Ottawa Trek
| image =
| caption =
| date = July 1, 1935
| place = Market Square, Regina, Saskatchewan
| coordinates =
| causes =
- Breakdown in negotiations between Trek leaders and the Bennett government
- Government crackdown on the Trekkers
| goals =
| methods =
| status =
| result =
| side1 =
Trekkers and bystanders
| side2 =
{{nowrap|{{flagdeco|CAN|1921}} Government of Canada}}
| leadfigures1 = Arthur Evans
| leadfigures2 = R. B. Bennett
| howmany1 = 1,500 to 2,000
| howmany2 = 350
| casualties1 = {{ubl|
- Deaths: 1
- Injuries: Over 100
- Arrested: 140
}}
| casualties2 = {{ubl|
- Deaths: 1
- {{nowrap|Injuries: 39 (confirmed)}}
}}
| damage =
| buildings =
| detentions =
| charged =
| fined =
| effect =
| effect_label =
| casualties_label =
| notes =
| sidebox =
}}
File:Regina 1er juillet 1935.jpg
The eight delegates arrived back in Regina on June 26. Attempts of the Trekkers to travel east by car or truck or train were thwarted by RCMP. A public meeting was called for July 1, 1935, in Market Square in Germantown (now the site of the Regina City Police station) to update the public on the progress of the movement. It was attended by 1,500 to 2,000 people, of whom only 300 were Trekkers. Most Trekkers decided to stay at the exhibition grounds in Saskatchewan.
Three large moving trucks were parked on three sides of the square concealing RCMP riot squads. Regina police were in the garage of the police station which was in Market Square. At 8:17 p.m. a whistle was blown, and the police charged the crowd with batons from all four sides. The attack caught the people off guard before their anger took over. They fought back with sticks, stones, and anything at hand. Mounted RCMP officers then started to use tear gas and fired guns. Driven from the Square, and with the RCMP blocking the roadway back to the Stadium grounds, the battle continued in the surrounding streets for six hours.
Police fired revolvers above and into groups of people. Tear gas bombs were thrown at any groups that gathered together. Plate glass windows in stores and offices were smashed, but with one exception, these stores were not looted, they were burned. People covered their faces with wet handkerchiefs to counter the effects of the tear gas and barricaded streets with cars. Finally, the Trekkers who had attended the meeting made their way individually or in small groups back to the exhibition stadium where the main body of Trekkers were quartered.
File:Ontoottawa-trekkers.png of the Criminal Code of Canada.]]
When it was over, 140 Trekkers and citizens had been arrested. Charles Miller, a plainclothes policeman, died, and Nick Schaack, a Trekker, later died in the hospital from injuries sustained in the riot. There were hundreds of injured residents and Trekkers were taken to hospitals or private homes. Those taken to a hospital were also arrested. Property damage was considerable. The police claimed 39 injuries in addition to the dead police officer, but denied that any protesters had been killed in the melee; the hospital records were subsequently altered to conceal the actual cause of death.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
Trekkers Arthur Evans and George Black who were on the speakers' platform were arrested by plainclothes police at the beginning of the melee.
The city's exhibition grounds were surrounded by constables armed with revolvers as well as automatic fire-arms.{{citation needed|date=February 2011}} The next day a barbed wire stockade was erected around the area. News of the police-instigated riot was front-page news across Canada. About midnight one of the Trek leaders telephoned Saskatchewan Premier Gardiner, who agreed to meet their delegation the next morning. The RCMP were livid when they heard of this and apprehended the delegates for interrogation but eventually released them in time to see the premier.
Premier Gardiner sent a wire to the Prime Minister, accusing the police of "precipitating a riot" while he had been negotiating a settlement with the Trekkers. He also told the prime minister the "men should be fed where they are and sent back to camp and homes as they request" and stated his government was prepared to "undertake this work of disbanding the men." An agreement to this effect was subsequently negotiated. Bennett was satisfied that he had smashed what he believed was a communist revolt and Gardiner was glad to rid his province of the strikers.
The Federal Minister of Justice Hugh Guthrie made the false statement {{citation needed|date=November 2013}}{{cite book |last1=Mickleburg |first1=Rod |title=On the Line: A History of the British Columbia Labour Movement |date=2018 |publisher=Harbour Publishing Co. Ltd. |location=Madeira Park, BC, Canada |pages=84–86 }} in the House of Commons on July 2 that "shots were fired by the strikers, and the fire was replied to with shots from the city police." During the lengthy trials that followed, no evidence was ever produced to show that strikers fired shots during the riot. For his part, Bennett characterized the On-to-Ottawa Trek as "not a mere uprising against law and order but a definite revolutionary effort on the part of a group of men to usurp authority and destroy government."
Effects
The Bennett government swiftly came into action regarding "the prosecution of the trek leaders and those who had been charged with rioting and assault."{{Cite book|title=Canadian State Trials|last1=Write|first1=Berry|last2=Greenwood|first2=F. Murray|publisher=University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division|year=1996|location=Toronto|pages=402}} The events helped to discredit Bennett's Conservative government, and in the 1935 federal election, his party went from holding 135 seats to just 39. After the Trek, the Saskatchewan government provided free transportation as a peace sign back to the west. The camps were soon dismantled and replaced by seasonal relief camps run by the provinces, and that paid the men slightly more for their labour than the earlier camps. Even these camps were soon closed down.{{when|date=March 2023}} Although the Trek did not reach Ottawa, its reverberations certainly did. Several demands of the Trekkers were eventually met, and the public support that galvanized behind the Trek set the tone for the social and welfare provisions of the postwar era.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
See also
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.ontoottawa.ca/video.html On-to-Ottawa Trek] – video dramatization (narrated by Trek participants, with historical footage)
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20090923010231/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/calgary/onottawa.html The On-to-Ottawa Trek]
- [http://www.ontoottawa.ca/home.html On to Ottawa Historical Society]
- [http://www.lib.sfu.ca/system/files/28909/JacksonRFonds.pdf Records of Robert Jackson are held by Simon Fraser University's Special Collections and Rare Books]
- [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-trucker-convoy-protests-on-to-ottawa-trek/ Waiser, Bill "What we can learn from 1935′s On-to-Ottawa Trek, a convoy of the disillusioned" (The Globe and Mail, 18 June 2022)]
{{Notable labour disputes in Canada}}
Category:1935 labor disputes and strikes
Category:Canada in the world wars and interwar period
Category:Great Depression in Canada
Category:History of Regina, Saskatchewan
Category:Labour disputes in Canada
Category:Protest marches in Canada