One-way Permit
{{Short description|Travel document}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Distinguish|Two-way Permit}}{{Infobox identity document
| document_name = Permit for Proceeding to
Hong Kong and Macao
{{nobold|前往港澳通行证}}
| image = People's Republic of China Permit for Proceeding to Hong Kong and Macao.jpg
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| image_caption = Biodata page
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| date_first_issued = 1982
| in_circulation =
| using_jurisdiction = China
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| document_type = Travel document
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{{Chinese
| s = 前往港澳通行证
| t = 前往港澳通行證
| p = Qiánwǎng Gǎng Ào tōngxíngzhèng
| j = cin4 wong5 gong2 ou3 tung1 hang4 zing3
| y = chìhn wóhng Góng Ou tūng hàhng jing
| altname = One-way Permit
| s2 = 单程证
| t2 = 單程證
| p2 = Dānchéngzhèng
| y2 = Dāan chìhng jing
| j2 = Daan1 cing4 zing3
}}
The Permit for Proceeding to Hong Kong and Macao,{{Cite web |title=First entry of holders of a Permit for Proceeding to Hong Kong and Macao |url=https://www.gov.mo/en/services/ps-1474/ps-1474c/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Macao SAR Government Portal |language=en-US |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823122456/https://www.gov.mo/en/services/ps-1474/ps-1474c/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=LCQ13: Persons holding Two-way Exit Permit with endorsement for visiting relatives |url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202305/24/P2023052400524.htm |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=www.info.gov.hk |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925203245/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202305/24/P2023052400524.htm |url-status=live }} colloquially known as the One-way Permit,{{Cite web |title=Right of Abode {{!}} Immigration Department |url=https://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/faq/faqroa.html |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=www.immd.gov.hk |archive-date=25 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025035121/https://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/faq/faqroa.html |url-status=live }} is a travel document issued by the Exit and Entry Administration of the People's Republic of China. This passport-size document is issued for its bearers, Chinese citizens residing in the mainland with relatives in Hong Kong or Macau, to proceed to the special administrative regions for residency.{{Cite web |title=前往港澳通行证签发服务指南 |url=https://s.nia.gov.cn/mps/bszy/wlgaot/sqgodj/201903/t20190313_1001.html |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=National Immigration Administration |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714055224/https://s.nia.gov.cn/mps/bszy/wlgaot/sqgodj/201903/t20190313_1001.html |url-status=live }}[https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201001/06/P201001060211.htm Press Releases — LCQ17: One-way Permit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526165014/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201001/06/P201001060211.htm |date=26 May 2024 }}, Government Information Centre, Hong Kong.
History
The British Hong Kong government implemented the Touch Base Policy, which confer all mainland residents who arrived in Hong Kong the legal Hong Kong resident status. As the number of immigrants increased, the British Hong Kong government decided to change the policy and control immigration.{{Cite web |title=入境事務處六十周年紀念特刊 |url=https://www.immd.gov.hk/publications/a_report_60/hkt/109/ |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Immigration Department}}{{Cite web |title=粤港边界30年：1978年上万人涌向深圳等待逃港_资讯_凤凰网 |url=https://news.ifeng.com/history/1/midang/200812/1224_2664_937222_12.shtml |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=news.ifeng.com}}
In 1982, in order to control the border, the British Hong Kong government reached an agreement with the Chinese government, stipulating that mainland residents coming to Hong Kong for residency must hold a one-way permit issued by the Chinese government, with a quota of 75 per day.{{Cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/2185597/hong-kong-doctors-join-localist-protest-against-one-way |title=Hong Kong doctors join localist protest against one-way permit scheme, as mainland migrant influx blamed for stretched hospitals |access-date=20 September 2024 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601201606/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/2185597/hong-kong-doctors-join-localist-protest-against-one-way |url-status=live }} In 1995, the one-way permit daily quota was raised to 150.Paul Yip, [https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/3004693/mainland-migrants-are-needed-hong-kong-city-should-not Mainland migrants are needed in Hong Kong. The city should not scrap the one-way permit scheme, but improve it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107232909/https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/3004693/mainland-migrants-are-needed-hong-kong-city-should-not |date=7 November 2020 }} SCMP This quota cap remains in effect today.{{Cite web |title=卓孝业：持单程证抵港人数去年平均每日112人 贴近疫情前水平 - RTHK |url=https://gbcode.rthk.hk/TuniS/news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1754255-20240522.htm#:~:text=%E9%9A%8F%E7%9D%80%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%8E%E5%86%85%E5%9C%B0,%E7%94%A8%E5%B0%BD150%E4%B8%AA%E9%85%8D%E9%A2%9D%E3%80%82 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=news.rthk.hk |language=ZH-CN}}
Selected statistics
| class="wikitable sortable" | ||||
| Year | No. of bearers | Bearers aged 15+ | Remaining quota by year || Median age | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | 45234 | 30945 | 9516 | 29 |
| 2003 | 53507 | 38640 | 1243 | 30 |
| 2004 | 38072 | 26752 | 16678 | 29 |
| 2005 | 55106 | 40568 | -356 | 29 |
| 2006 | 54170 | 37779 | 580 | 27 |
| 2007 | 33865 | 24798 | 20885 | 28 |
| 2008 | 41610 | 31435 | 13140 | 28 |
| 2009 | 48587 | 38854 | 6163 | 29 |
| 2010 | 42624 | 34071 | 1216 | 29 |
| 2011 | 43379 | 35916 | 11371 | 31 |
| 2012 | 54646 | 47721 | 254 | 36 |
| 2013 | 45031 | 37797 | 9719 | 33 |
| 2014 | 40496 | 32627 | 14254 | 32 |
| 2015 | 38338 | 31423 | 16412 | 32 |
| 2016 | 57387 | 47358 | -2487 | 32 |
| 2017 | 46971 | 38740 | 7779 | 32 |
| 2018 | 42331 | 35002 | 12569 | 33 |
| 2019 | 39060 | 31358 | 15690 | 32 |
| 2020 | 10134 | 7974 | 44766 | 32 |
| 2021 | 17919 | 14026 | 36831 | 31 |
As of the end of 2016, approximately 950,000 mainland migrants came from the program, representing about 12.8% of Hong Kong's total population.{{Cite web|date=2018-08-15|title=Number of mainlanders moving to Hong Kong drops by almost 15,000|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/community/article/2159723/number-mainland-chinese-migrants-coming-hong-kong-drops|access-date=2020-09-02|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-date=16 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516181852/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/community/article/2159723/number-mainland-chinese-migrants-coming-hong-kong-drops|url-status=live}}
Controversy
Although the permit is specifically for the purpose of family reunion, not for general immigration,{{Cite web |url=http://www.bauhinia.org/pdf/research/20080828/OWP_Report.pdf |title=The Past and Future of the One Way Permit Scheme in the Context of a Population Policy for Hong Kong |access-date=1 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028024815/http://www.bauhinia.org/pdf/research/20080828/OWP_Report.pdf |archive-date=28 October 2013 |url-status=dead }} the scheme is controversial. Hong Kong currently has a quota of 150 people per day and the waiting time for spouses is currently 4 years.{{Cite web|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201303/20/P201303200372.htm|title=LCQ2: One-way permit scheme|website=www.info.gov.hk|access-date=2019-12-05|archive-date=3 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303202454/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201303/20/P201303200372.htm|url-status=live}} Journalist Ching Cheong alleges that the scheme, whose beneficiaries are at the sole discretion of the PRC government and outside of the vetting procedures of the Hong Kong Immigration Department, is an infiltration mechanism for creating a loyal voter bloc in Hong Kong; those that are not filled by cadres become a graft mechanism for officials.程翔, [http://news.sina.com.hk/news/20121128/-6-2834251/1.html 從十八大看香港地下黨規模] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224111339/http://news.sina.com.hk/news/20121128/-6-2834251/1.html |date=24 February 2015 }}. Sina Corporation. Ming Pao, 7 November 2012.Hung, Ho-fung. [http://japanfocus.org/site/view/4207 "Three Views of Local Consciousness in Hong Kong"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224071023/http://japanfocus.org/site/view/4207 |date=24 February 2015 }}. The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 12; Issue 44, No. 1; 3 November 2014. Martin Lee said that the policy is part of the CPC's strategy of long-run "Tibetisation" of Hong Kong, aimed at marginalising Hong Kong people and their core values over time.Lee, Martin (29 September 2012). [http://hk.next.nextmedia.com/article/1177/16670067 "香港西藏化"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041307/http://hk.next.nextmedia.com/article/1177/16670067 |date=4 March 2016 }}. Next Magazine.
See also
- Exit-Entry Permit for Travelling to and from Hong Kong and Macau: The permit issued to Mainland Chinese residents visiting Hong Kong and Macau temporary.
- Home Return Permit
- Taiwan Compatriot Entry Permit
References
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{{China Travel Documents}}
{{Hong Kong Travel Documents}}
{{Macau and Macau-related Identity and Travel Documents}}
Category:Human rights in China