Open access in Germany

{{short description|Overview of the culture and regulation of open access in Germany}}

File:Open access publications in Germany 1990 to 2018 OpenAIRE.png

Open access to scholarly communication in Germany has evolved rapidly since the early 2000s.{{cite web |url= https://www.openaire.eu/oa-germany |title=OA in Germany |work=Open Access in Practice: EU Member States |date=23 February 2010 |publisher=OpenAIRE |access-date=12 March 2018}} Publishers Beilstein-Institut, Copernicus Publications, De Gruyter, Knowledge Unlatched, Leibniz Institute for Psychology Information, ScienceOpen, Springer Nature, and {{illm|Universitätsverlag Göttingen|de}} belong to the international Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association.{{citation |work=Oaspa.org |url=http://oaspa.org/membership/members/ |title=Members |publisher=Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association |location=The Hague |access-date=7 April 2018}}

Policy

The legal basis for authors choosing open access publishing lies in Section 12 of the German {{illm|Urheberrechtsgesetz (Germany)|de|Urheberrechtsgesetz (Deutschland)|lt=Urheberrechtsgesetz }} (Copyright Act), which covers Urheberrecht (authors' rights).{{citation |url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/urhg/__12.html |title=Gesetz über Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte (Urheberrechtsgesetz) § 12 Veröffentlichungsrecht |language=de |access-date= 30 June 2019 |publisher=Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz }}

All major German research institutions have signed the 2003 Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities, including the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, {{illm|Deutsche Initiative für Netzwerkinformation|de}}, Fraunhofer Society, German Rectors' Conference, and Max Planck Society.

"The Federal Ministry of Education and Research released its open access strategy paper entitled "Open Access in Germany" on September 20, 2016, which contains a clear commitment to the principles of open access and open science.

Journals

Open access journals can be found on digital platforms such as Copernicus Publications (headquartered in Göttingen), {{illm|Digital Peer Publishing|de}}, {{illm|German Medical Science|de}}, and Living Reviews.

Repositories

File:Open access publications in repositories in Germany as of 2018 OpenAIRE.png

There are a number of collections of scholarship in Germany housed in digital open access repositories. They contain journal articles, book chapters, data, and other research outputs that are free to read. As of March 2018 some 161 institutions in Germany maintain repositories, according to the UK-based Directory of Open Access Repositories.{{cite web |url=http://www.opendoar.org/countrylist.php?cContinent=Europe#Germany |title=Germany |work=Directory of Open Access Repositories |publisher=University of Nottingham |location=United Kingdom |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206084105/http://www.opendoar.org/countrylist.php?cContinent=Europe#Germany |archive-date=6 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}

Listings of German repositories can be found in the Germany-based registries Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE) and Deutsche Initiative für Netzwerkinformation (DINI), and in international registries Directory of Open Access Repositories (OpenDOAR), Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR), and Open Archives Initiative's OAI-PMH Registered Data Providers. Experts consider BASE the most comprehensive registry for Germany.

In 2012, German repositories with the highest number of digital assets were Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt's elib (46,136 items); ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft's EconStor (290,000 items); German Medical Science (41,753 items); Universität Bielefeld's PUB (32,695 items); and Alfred-Wegener-Institut's ePIC (29,480 items).{{cite journal |journal=D-Lib Magazine |volume=19 |issue=11/12 |title=2012 Census of Open Access Repositories in Germany: Turning Perceived Knowledge Into Sound Understanding |author=Paul Vierkant |doi=10.1045/november2013-vierkant |year=2013|doi-access=free }} "Most of Germany's open access repositories can be found in the most heavily populated Länder: North Rhine-Westphalia (27), Baden-Württemberg (28) and Bavaria (22)."

The upcoming 2019 "International Conference on Open Repositories" will be held in Hamburg.{{cite web |url=http://www.openrepositories.org |title=Openrepositories.org |access-date=12 March 2018}}

Conferences and outreach

Since the initial Berlin conference in 2003, follow-up conferences occur every year, often in Germany.{{cite web |url=https://oa2020.org/events/#berlin |title=Berlin Open Access Conference Series |work=Oa2020.org |publisher=Max Planck Digital Library |location=Munich |access-date=12 March 2018}}

"Open-Access-Tage" (Open Access Days) have occurred annually since 2007 in various German-speaking locales, including Berlin, Dresden, Göttingen, Hamburg, Köln, Konstanz, Munich, Regensburg.{{cite web |url=http://open-access.net/community/open-access-tage/ |language=de |title=Open-Access-Tage |work=Open-access.net |access-date=12 March 2018}} The 2018 event will be held in Graz, Austria.

In 2007 several German institutions launched the general information website, "Open-access.net". The {{illm|Allianz der Wissenschaftsorganisationen|de}} in 2008 initiated an effort to expand open access in order to "exhaust the potential of digital publishing."{{cite web |url=https://www.allianzinitiative.de/en/core-activities/scientificpublicationsystem/ |title=Core Activities: Scientific publication system |work=Schwerpunktinitiative Digitale Information der Allianz der deutschen Wissenschaftsorganisationen |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313092610/https://www.allianzinitiative.de/en/core-activities/scientificpublicationsystem/ |archive-date=13 March 2018 |url-status=dead }}

Bielefeld University Library hosts the "Transparent Infrastructure for Article Charges" project, which covers article processing charges for publications of Germany and elsewhere. The project began around 2014.

Timeline

Key events in the development of open access in Germany include the following:

2001
16 March: German Wikipedia, a German-language open educational resource, begins publication.
2003
Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities issued.
2004
Bielefeld Academic Search Engine launched.
{{illm|Aktionsbündnis Urheberrecht für Bildung und Wissenschaft|de}} (Coalition for Action "Copyright for Education and Research") formed.{{cite web |url=http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Declarations_in_support_of_OA |title=Declarations in support of OA |editor=Nancy Pontika |work=Open Access Directory |oclc=757073363 |publisher=Simmons School of Library and Information Science |location=United States |access-date=25 April 2018}}
2005
Bielefeld University begins its open access policy encouraging deposits in its institutional repository.{{cite book |author=Peter Suber |title=Open Access |url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/hoap/Open_Access_%28the_book%29 |year=2012 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9780262517638 |page=192}}{{cite web |url=http://roarmap.eprints.org/view/country/276.html |title=Browse by Country: Germany |work=ROARMAP: Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies |publisher=University of Southampton |location=United Kingdom |access-date=28 April 2018}}
2006
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft adopts open access policy for its grantees.{{cite web |url=http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Timeline_2006 |title=Timeline 2006 |editor=Nancy Pontika |work=Open Access Directory |oclc=757073363 |publisher=Simmons School of Library and Information Science |location=United States |access-date=25 April 2018}}
2007
Open-access.net launched.
"Open-Access-Tage" (Open Access Days) begin.
2008
Allianz der Wissenschaftsorganisationen's Schwerpunktinitiative "Digitale Information" (Priority Initiative "Digital Information") begins.{{citation |title=Positions on creating an Open Access publication market which is scholarly adequate: Positions of the Ad Hoc Working Group Open Access Gold in the priority initiative "Digital Information" of the Alliance of Science Organisations in Germany |author=C. Bruch|display-authors=etal|doi=10.2312/allianzoa.009 |year=2015}}
2010
Confederation of Open Access Repositories headquartered in Göttingen.{{cite book |author1=Birgit Schmidt |author2=Iryna Kuchma |title=Implementing Open Access Mandates in Europe: OpenAIRE Study on the Development of Open Access Repository Communities in Europe|url=http://www.oapen.org/search?identifier=610312 |via=Open Access Publishing in European Networks (OAPEN) |year=2012 |publisher=Universitätsverlag Göttingen |isbn=978-3-86395-095-8}} (+ via [https://books.google.com/books?id=-NXQvDjy_RUC Google Books])
2011
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft begins "to support centrally funded publication fees through its 'Open-Access Publishing' programme."{{cite journal |author1=N. Jahn |author2=M. Tullney |title=A study of institutional spending on open access publication fees in Germany |journal=PeerJ |volume=4 |pages=e2323 |doi=10.7717/peerj.2323 |pmid=27602289 |year=2016|pmc=4991862 |doi-access=free }}
2012
Deutsche Initiative für Netzwerkinformation (DINI) begins.{{citation |author1=Birgit Schmidt |author2= Margo Bargheer |author3= Norbert Lossau |title=Update on Open Access Developments in Germany |url=http://osinitiative.org/community/an-update-on-open-access-developments-in-germany/ |work=Osinitiative.org |location=United States |year=2014}}
2013
Registry of Research Data Repositories headquartered in Germany.
2014
"Transparent Infrastructure for Article Charges" project begins (approximate date).
2015
Berlin-based Springer Nature, "the world’s second largest academic publisher," in business. As of 2018 "open-access journals generate roughly 10 per cent of Springer Nature’s research revenues."{{citation |work=Financial Times |location=United Kingdom |title=Springer Nature warns of "free access" threat to revenues |date=26 April 2018}}{{citation |url=https://www.springernature.com/gp/legal/imprint/11033518 |title=Legal Notice |work=Springernature.com |access-date=28 April 2018}}

References

External links

{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-platforms/goap/access-by-region/ |work=Global Open Access Portal |title=Germany |publisher=UNESCO}}
{{cite web |url=http://www.openaccess.nl/en/references/across-the-border |title=Across the border: Germany |work=Openaccess.nl}}
{{cite web |work=Registry of Open Access Repositories |location=United Kingdom |url=http://roar.eprints.org/view/geoname/geoname.html |title=Browse by Country: Europe: Germany}}
{{cite web |url= http://doaj.org |title=(Search: Country of Publisher: Germany) |work=Directory of Open Access Journals |publisher=Infrastructure Services for Open Access |location=United Kingdom}}
{{cite web |url=https://tagteam.harvard.edu/hubs/oatp/tag/oa.germany |title=(Germany) |work=Open Access Tracking Project |oclc=1040261573 |publisher=Harvard University |quote=News and comment from the worldwide movement for open access to research |editor=Peter Suber}}
{{cite web |url=https://sparceurope.org/membership/members/ |title=Our members: Germany |publisher=SPARC Europe |work=Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition}}

Category:Academia in Germany

Category:Communications in Germany

Germany

Category:Science and technology in Germany