Operation Breakthrough (housing program)

{{Short description|US housing program}}

Operation Breakthrough was a program of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development, authorized by the Housing Law of 1968.,{{Cite web|url=https://arccadigest.org/looking-back-at-operation-breakthrough/|title=Looking Back at Operation BREAKTHROUGH|website=arcCA Digest}} a 3-phase HUD demonstration that tested innovative building materials and methods.{{Cite web|url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/Operation-Breakthrough.html|title=Operation Breakthrough | HUD USER|website=www.huduser.gov}}

George Romney announced Operation Breakthrough in May 1969, four months after joining President Richard Nixon’s cabinet as secretary of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).{{Cite web|url=https://www.aiany.org/membership/oculus-magazine/article/fall-2022/operation-breakthroughs-forgotten-prototype-communities/|title=Operation Breakthrough's Forgotten Prototype Communities|website=AIA New York}}

It was intended to increase the amount of housing available to the poor and it initially had Nixon's support.Lamb, Housing Segregation in Suburban America Since 1960, p. 72. Based on his automotive industry experience, Romney thought that the cost of housing could be significantly reduced if in-factory modular construction techniques were used, despite the lack of national building standards.Foote, "As They Saw It", pp. 75, 89n1. HUD officials believed that the introduction of this technique could help bring about desegregation; Romney said, "We've got to put an end to the idea of moving to suburban areas and living only among people of the same economic and social class".Lamb, Housing Segregation in Suburban America Since 1960, p. 63. This aspect of the program brought about strong opposition at the local suburban level and lost support in the White House as well.Lamb, Housing Segregation in Suburban America Since 1960, pp. 64–66. Over half of HUD's research funds during this time were spent on Operation Breakthrough, and it was modestly successful in its building goals.{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/27/obituaries/george-romney-dies-at-88-a-leading-gop-figure.html | title=George Romney Dies at 88; A Leading G.O.P. Figure |last=Rosenbaum |first=David E. |newspaper=The New York Times | date=July 27, 1995 | access-date=February 8, 2017 | archive-date=March 10, 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170310105012/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/27/obituaries/george-romney-dies-at-88-a-leading-gop-figure.html | url-status=live }}Nenno, Ending the Stalemate, p. 13. It did not revolutionize home construction, and was phased out once Romney left HUD. But it resulted indirectly in more modern and consistent building codes and introduction of technological advances such as the smoke alarm.Foote, "As They Saw It", p. 75.

While Operation Breakthrough made little impact in the United States, it radically influenced other countries, as Japan and Sweden.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/08/headway/how-an-american-dream-of-housing-became-a-reality-in-sweden.html|title=How an American Dream of Housing Became a Reality in Sweden|first1=Francesca|last1=Mari|first2=Amir|last2=Hamja|work=The New York Times |date=June 8, 2024|via=NYTimes.com}}