Ophrys fusca
{{Short description|Species of plant in the family Orchidaceae}}
{{Speciesbox
|image=Ophrys lupercalis 3.jpg
|image_caption=Flower of Ophrys fusca
|genus=Ophrys
|species=fusca
|authority=Link
|synonyms_ref={{cite POWO |id=647906-1 |title=Ophrys fusca Link |access-date=16 March 2022 }}
|synonyms={{Collapsible list|
- Arachnites fuscus {{small|(Link) Tod.}}
- Arachnites pallidus {{small|(Raf.) Tod.}}
- Ophrys achillis {{small|P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys africana {{small|G.Foelsche & W.Foelsche}}
- Ophrys akhdarensis {{small|(B.Baumann & H.Baumann) P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys aranifera subsp. moesziana {{small|Soó}}
- Ophrys arnoldii {{small|P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys astypalaeica {{small|P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys atlantica {{small|Munby}}
- Ophrys atlantica subsp. durieui {{small|(Rchb.f.) Maire & Weiller}}
- Ophrys attaviria {{small|D.Rückbr., U.Rückbr., Wenker & S.Wenker}}
- Ophrys attaviria var. cesmeensis {{small|(Kreutz) P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys attaviria subsp. cesmeensis {{small|Kreutz}}
- Ophrys attaviria f. eptapigiensis {{small|(Paulus) P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys attaviria f. thracica {{small|(Kreutz) P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys bilunulata {{small|Risso}}
- Ophrys bilunulata subsp. caesiella {{small|(P.Delforge) Paulus}}
- Ophrys bilunulata subsp. kalirachiensis {{small|Paulus, M.Hirth & Dimadis}}
- Ophrys bilunulata subsp. punctulata {{small|(Renz) Paulus}}
- Ophrys bilunulata subsp. sancti-isidorii {{small|(A.Saliaris, Saliaris & A.Alibertis) Paulus}}
- Ophrys blitopertha {{small|Paulus & Gack}}
- Ophrys caesiella {{small|P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys calocaerina {{small|Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers}}
- Ophrys cesmeensis {{small|(Kreutz) P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys cinereophila {{small|Paulus & Gack}}
- Ophrys clara {{small|F.M.Vázquez & S.Ramos}}
- Ophrys creberrima {{small|Paulus}}
- Ophrys cressa {{small|Paulus}}
- Ophrys creticola {{small|Paulus}}
- Ophrys decembris {{small|S.Moingeon & J.-M.Moingeon}}
- Ophrys delforgei {{small|vDevillers-Tersch. & Devillers}}
- Ophrys dianica {{small|M.R.Lowe, J.Piera, M.B.Crespo & J.E.Arnold}}
- Ophrys eleonorae {{small|Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers}}
- Ophrys eptapigiensis {{small|Paulus}}
- Ophrys fabrella {{small|Paulus & Ayasse ex P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys fenarolii {{small|Ferlan}}
- Ophrys ficuzzana {{small|H.Baumann & Künkele}}
- Ophrys flammeola {{small|P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys forestieri {{small|Lojac.}}
- Ophrys funerea {{small|Viv.}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. akhdarensis {{small|B.Baumann & H.Baumann}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. arnoldii {{small|(P.Delforge) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. atlantica {{small|(Munby) E.G.Camus}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. attaviria {{small|(D.Rückbr., U.Rückbr., Wenker & S.Wenker) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. bilunulata {{small|(Risso) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. caesiella {{small|(P.Delforge) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. calocaerina {{small|(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. cesmeensis {{small|(Kreutz) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. clara {{small|(F.M.Vázquez & S.Ramos) F.M.Vázquez}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. creberrima {{small|(Paulus) H.Kretzschmar}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. cressa {{small|(Paulus) H.Kretzschmar}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. creticola {{small|(Paulus) H.Kretzschmar}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. delforgei {{small|(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca var. distincta {{small|F.M.Vázquez}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. eptapigiensis {{small|(Paulus) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. fabrella {{small|(Paulus & Ayasse ex P.Delforge) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. flammeola {{small|(P.Delforge) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca var. forestieri {{small|Rchb.f.}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. forestieri {{small|(Rchb.f.) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. gackiae {{small|(P.Delforge) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. gazella {{small|(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. hespera {{small|(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. laureotica {{small|Kalog., Delipetrou & A.Alibertis}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. leucadica {{small|(Renz) H.Kretzschmar}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. limensis {{small|F.M.Vázquez}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. lindia {{small|(Paulus) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. lindleyana {{small|F.M.Vázquez}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. lucana {{small|(P.Delforge, Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. lucentina {{small|(P.Delforge) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. lucifera {{small|(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. lupercalis {{small|(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca var. lutea {{small|F.M.Vázquez}}
- Ophrys fusca var. lutescens {{small|F.M.Vázquez}}
- Ophrys fusca var. maculata {{small|Balayer}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. maghrebiaca {{small|Kreutz, Rebbas, Babali, Miara & Ait-Hamm.}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. marmorata {{small|(G.Foelsche & W.Foelsche) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. minima {{small|Balayer}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. obaesa {{small|(Lojac.) E.G.Camus}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. ortuabis {{small|(M.P.Grasso & Manca) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. parosica {{small|(P.Delforge) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. parvula {{small|(Paulus) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. pectus {{small|(Mutel) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. peraiolae {{small|(G.Foelsche, W.Foelsche, M.Gerbaud & O.Gerbaud) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. perpusilla {{small|(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. persephonae {{small|(Paulus) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. phaseliana {{small|(D.Rückbr. & U.Rückbr.) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. proxima {{small|(C.E.Hermos., Benito & Soca) F.M.Vázquez}}
- Ophrys fusca lusus ramosis {{small|F.M.Vázquez}}
- Ophrys fusca var. rubescens {{small|Balayer}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. sabulosa {{small|(Paulus & Gack ex P.Delforge) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. sancti-isidorii {{small|A.Saliaris, Saliaris & A.Alibertis}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. thracica {{small|Kreutz}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. thriptiensis {{small|(Paulus) H.Kretzschmar}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. zonata {{small|(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys gackiae {{small|P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys × gauthieri nothosubsp. fenarolii {{small|(Ferlan) H.Baumann & Künkele}}
- Ophrys gazella {{small|Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers}}
- Ophrys hespera {{small|Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers}}
- Ophrys hospitalis {{small|P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys intermedia {{small|Tineo ex Lojac.}}
- Ophrys iricolor {{small|Desf.}}
- Ophrys iricolor subsp. astypalaeica {{small|(P.Delforge) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys iricolor subsp. eleonorae {{small|(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Paulus & Gack}}
- Ophrys iricolor subsp. hospitalis {{small|(P.Delforge) Mifsud & L.Lewis}}
- Ophrys iricolor subsp. lojaconoi {{small|(P.Delforge) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys iricolor subsp. maxima {{small|(A.Terracc.) Paulus & Gack}}
- Ophrys iricolor subsp. mesaritica {{small|(Paulus, C.Alibertis & A.Alibertis) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys iricolor subsp. vallesiana {{small|(Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Paulus & Gack}}
- Ophrys kedra {{small|Paulus}}
- Ophrys laetea {{small|Willk. & Lange}}
- Ophrys leucadica {{small|Renz}}
- Ophrys lindia {{small|Paulus}}
- Ophrys lindleyana {{small|H.Fleischm. ex G.Keller & Soó}}
- Ophrys lojaconoi {{small|P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys lucana {{small|P.Delforge, Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers}}
- Ophrys lucentina {{small|P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys lucifera {{small|Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers}}
- Ophrys lupercalis {{small|Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers}}
- Ophrys lutea subsp. funerea {{small|(Viv.) Batt.}}
- Ophrys lutea subsp. subfusca {{small|(Rchb.f.) Murb.}}
- Ophrys lutea var. subfusca {{small|Rchb.f.}}
- Ophrys maghrebiaca {{small|(Kreutz, Rebbas, Babali, Miara & Ait-Hamm.) P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys malacitana {{small|M.R.Lowe, I.Phillips & Paulus}}
- Ophrys marmorata {{small|G.Foelsche & W.Foelsche}}
- Ophrys marmorata subsp. caesiella {{small|(P.Delforge) Véla & R.Martin}}
- Ophrys meropes {{small|P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys mesaritica {{small|Paulus, C.Alibertis & A.Alibertis}}
- Ophrys myodes {{small|Lapeyr.}}
- Ophrys obaesa {{small|Lojac.}}
- Ophrys ortuabis {{small|M.P.Grasso & Manca}}
- Ophrys pallida {{small|Raf.}}
- Ophrys pallidula {{small|Paulus}}
- Ophrys parosica {{small|P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys parosica var. phaseliana {{small|(D.Rückbr. & U.Rückbr.) P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys parvula {{small|Paulus}}
- Ophrys pectus {{small|Mutel}}
- Ophrys peraiolae {{small|G.Foelsche, W.Foelsche, M.Gerbaud & O.Gerbaud}}
- Ophrys peraiolae var. rubra {{small|G.Foelsche, W.Foelsche, M.Gerbaud & O.Gerbaud}}
- Ophrys perpusilla {{small|Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers}}
- Ophrys persephonae {{small|Paulus}}
- Ophrys phaidra {{small|Paulus}}
- Ophrys phaseliana {{small|D.Rückbr. & U.Rückbr.}}
- Ophrys pratesii {{small|Gennaio, M.Gargiulo, Chetta & Medagli}}
- Ophrys proxima {{small|C.E.Hermos., Benito & Soca}}
- Ophrys pseudomigoutiana {{small|R.Martin, Véla & Ouni}}
- Ophrys punctulata {{small|Renz}}
- Ophrys rueckbrodtiana {{small|W.Hahn}}
- Ophrys sabulosa {{small|Paulus & Gack ex P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys sancti-isidorii {{small|(A.Saliaris, Saliaris & A.Alibertis) P.Delforge}}
- Ophrys sicula var. flammeola {{small|(P.Delforge) Hennecke}}
- Ophrys sicula var. urteae {{small|(Paulus) Hennecke}}
- Ophrys sphegodes subsp. moesziana {{small|(Soó) Maire}}
- Ophrys subfusca {{small|(Rchb.f.) Hausskn.}}
- Ophrys subfusca subsp. blitopertha {{small|(Paulus & Gack) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys subfusca subsp. cinereophila {{small|(Paulus & Gack) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys subfusca subsp. fenarolii {{small|(Ferlan) Del Prete}}
- Ophrys subfusca subsp. flammeola {{small|(P.Delforge) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys subfusca subsp. lucentina {{small|(P.Delforge) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys subfusca subsp. persephonae {{small|(Paulus) Kreutz}}
- Ophrys sulcata {{small|Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers}}
- Ophrys theophrasti {{small|Devillers & Devillers-Tersch.}}
- Ophrys thracica {{small|(Kreutz) Devillers & Devillers-Tersch.}}
- Ophrys thriptiensis {{small|Paulus}}
- Ophrys tricolor {{small|Desf. ex Nyman}}
- Ophrys urteae {{small|Paulus}}
- Ophrys vallesiana {{small|Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers}}
- Ophrys varinoi {{small|Soca}}
- Ophrys zonata {{small|Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers}}
}}}}
Ophrys fusca, commonly known as the sombre bee-orchid or the dark bee-orchid, is a species of orchid native to the Mediterranean from southwestern Europe and northern Africa to western Asia.[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=141148 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families][http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/index1.php?scientific-name=ophrys+fusca Altervista Flora Italiana, Ofride scura, Sombre Bee Orchid] Most subspecies of the Ophrys fusca are pollinated by males Andrena bees.{{Cite journal |last=Sto¨kl |first=J. |display-authors=etal |date=June 2005 |title=Pollinator attracting odour signals in sexually deceptive orchids of the Ophrys fusca group |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=254 |issue=1–2 |pages=105–120 |doi=10.1007/s00606-005-0330-8 |s2cid=38170087 }}
Etymology
The genus name Ophrys comes from Greek and means 'eyebrow' - a reference to the hairy fringe of the lip of the flower of many orchids in this genus. The specific epithet fusca means 'dusky' or 'brown', while the subspecies name iricolor refers to the iridescent colouring of the speculum.{{Cite web |title=Ophrys fusca subsp. iricolor - Rainbow Ophrys |url=https://www.first-nature.com/flowers/ophrys-iricolor.php#:~:text=The%20genus%20name%20Ophrys%20comes,iridescent%20colouring%20of%20the%20speculum. |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=www.first-nature.com}}
Pouyannian mimicry
The somber bee orchid imitates the appearance of a female common sand bee (Andrena flavipes) to attract males for pollination.{{Cite AV media |author=Jean Claessens |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-lwYj_GwGiQ |title=Orchid pollination 21: Pseudocopulation of Ophrys araneola by an Andrena-male |date=December 11, 2016}} Further pollinators are the sand bee (Andrena nigroaenea) and the spring silk bee (Colletes cunicularius).Helmut Baumann, Siegfried Künkele und Richard Lorenz: Orchideen Europas mit angrenzenden Gebieten. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart, 2006, p 156–160. This is an example of Pouyannian mimicry
Subspecies
The following subspecies are currently recognized:
- Ophrys fusca subsp. blitopertha {{small|(Paulus & Gack) Faurh. & H.A.Pedersen}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. cinereophila {{small|(Paulus & Gack) Faurh.}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. durieui {{small|(Rchb.f.) Soó}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. funerea {{small|(Viv.) Arcang.}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. fusca
- Ophrys fusca subsp. iricolor {{small|(Desf.) K.Richt.}}
- Ophrys fusca subsp. pallida {{small|(Raf.) E.G.Camus}}
References
{{Commons|Ophrys fusca}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q900777}}
Category:Flora of North Africa
Category:Flora of Southeastern Europe
Category:Flora of Southwestern Europe
Category:Flora of Western Asia
Category:Plants described in 1800
Category:Long stubs with short prose
{{Orchidoideae-stub}}