Opposition (politics)

{{Short description|Political force against the political force in charge of the government}}

{{other uses|Parliamentary opposition}}

{{One source|date=February 2017}}

{{party politics}}

Image:Stand in opposition city hall boston.jpg, Boston)]]

In politics, the opposition comprises one or more political parties or other organized groups that are opposed to the government (or, in American English, the administration), party or group in political control of a city, region, state, country or other political body. The degree of opposition varies according to political conditions. For example, in authoritarian and democratic systems, opposition may be respectively repressed or desired.{{cite journal|last=Blondel|first=J|year=1997|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119945400/abstract|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105130352/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119945400/abstract|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-05|title=Political opposition in the contemporary world|journal=Government and Opposition|volume=32|issue=4|pages=462–486|doi=10.1111/j.1477-7053.1997.tb00441.x|s2cid=145343918|url-access=subscription}} Members of an opposition generally serve as antagonists to the other parties.{{Cite journal |last=Kersell |first=John E. |date=1966 |title=Review of Political Oppositions in Western Democracies |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40184478 |journal=International Journal |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=535–536 |doi=10.2307/40184478 |jstor=40184478 |issn=0020-7020|url-access=subscription }}

Scholarship focusing on opposition politics did not become popular or sophisticated until the mid-20th century. Recent studies have found that popular unrest regarding the economy and quality of life can be used by political opposition to mobilize and to demand change. Scholars have debated whether political opposition can benefit from political instability and economic crises, while some conclude the opposite. Case studies in Jordan align with mainstream thought in that political opposition can benefit from instability, while case studies in Morocco display a lack of oppositional mobilization in response to instability. In the Jordan case study, scholars reference opposition increasingly challenge those in power as political and economic instability proliferated wereas the opposition in Morocco did not mobilize on the instability.{{Cite journal |last=Lust-Okar |first=Ellen |date=2004 |title=Divided They Rule: The Management and Manipulation of Political Opposition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4150141 |journal=Comparative Politics |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=159–179 |doi=10.2307/4150141 |jstor=4150141 |issn=0010-4159|url-access=subscription }}

Furthermore, research on opposition politics in South Asia has helped inform researchers on possibilities of democratic renewal post-backsliding as well as possibilities of political violence.{{Cite web |last=Staniland and Vaishnav |first=Paul and Milan |date=January 24, 2023 |title=The State of Opposition in South Asia |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2023/01/the-state-of-opposition-in-south-asia?lang=en }} Despite there being aggressive and powerful regimes in place in various South Asian countries, the opposition still poses a powerful counter-party. For example, members of opposition have made their way into office in Nepal and Sri Lanka has been hosting elections in regions known to previously not hold them. In these cases, the presence of opposition has brought about positive democratic change.