Orchitis
{{Short description|Inflammation of the testicles}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name = Orchitis
| synonyms = Orchiditis
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| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɔr|ˈ|k|aɪ|t|ɪ|s}}, {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɔr|k|ɪ|ˈ|d|aɪ|t|ɪ|s}}
| field = Urology
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Orchitis is inflammation of the testicles.{{DorlandsDict|six/000075643|orchitis}} It can also involve swelling, pains, and frequent infection, particularly of the epididymis, as in epididymitis. The term is from the Ancient Greek ὄρχις meaning "testicle"; same root as orchid.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms of orchitis are similar to those of testicular torsion. These can include:{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
- hematospermia (blood in the semen)
- hematuria (blood in the urine)
- severe pain
- visible swelling of a testicle or testicles and often the inguinal lymph nodes on the affected side.
Causes
Orchitis can be related to epididymitis infection that has spread to the testicles (then called "epididymo-orchitis"), sometimes caused by the sexually transmitted infections chlamydia and gonorrhea. It has also been reported in cases of males infected with brucellosis.Brucellosis in Humans and Animals World Health Organization Publication number WHO/CDS/EPR/2006.7 [https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/Brucellosis.pdf]{{page needed|date=November 2014}} Orchitis can also be seen during active mumps, particularly in adolescent boys and girls.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
Ischemic orchitis may result from damage to the blood vessels of the spermatic cord during inguinal herniorrhaphy, and may in the worst event lead to testicular atrophy.{{cite journal |vauthors=Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Bay-Nielsen M, et al |title=European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients |journal=Hernia |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=343–403 |date=August 2009 |pmid=19636493 |pmc=2719730 |doi=10.1007/s10029-009-0529-7}}
Diagnosis
File:Ultrasonography of orchitis.jpg of the scrotum, in the axial plane, showing orchitis (as part of epididymo-orchitis) as hypoechogenic and slightly heterogenic left testicular tissue (right in image), with an increased blood flow. There is also swelling of peritesticular tissue.]]
- Blood – ESR high
- Urine – Cultural & Sensitivity test
- Ultrasound scanning
Treatment
In most cases where orchitis is caused by epididymitis, treatment is an oral antibiotic such as cefalexin or ciprofloxacin until the infection clears up. In both causes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as naproxen or ibuprofen are recommended to relieve pain. Sometimes stronger pain medications in the opiate category are called for and are frequently prescribed by experienced emergency department physicians.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}
Other animals
Orchitis is not rare in bulls and rams.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} It has also been described in roosters.{{cite journal |vauthors=Monleon R, Martin MP, John Barnes H |title=Bacterial orchitis and epididymo-orchitis in broiler breeders |journal=Avian Pathology |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=613–7 |date=December 2008 |pmid=19023758 |doi=10.1080/03079450802499134|s2cid=41011955 |doi-access=free }}
References
{{reflist}}
Further reading
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Lefort C, Thoumas D, Badachi Y, etal |date=July 2001 |title=Orchites ischémiques: À propos de 5 cas diagnostiqués en écho-Doppler couleur |trans-title=Ischemic orchiditis: review of 5 cases diagnosed by color Doppler ultrasonography |language=French |journal=Journal de Radiologie |volume=82 |issue=7 |pages=839–42 |pmid=11507447 |id={{INIST|1080037}} |url=http://www.masson.fr/masson/MDOI-JR-07-2001-82-07-0221-0363-101019-ART4}}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Chung JJ, Kim MJ, Lee T, Yoo HS, Lee JT |date=September 1997 |title=Sonographic findings in tuberculous epididymitis and epididymo-orchitis |journal=Journal of Clinical Ultrasound |volume=25 |issue=7 |pages=390–4 |pmid=9282805 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0096(199709)25:7<390::AID-JCU7>3.0.CO;2-5|s2cid=23653479 }}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Fong Y, Wantz GE |date=May 1992 |title=Prevention of ischemic orchitis during inguinal hernioplasty |journal=Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics |volume=174 |issue=5 |pages=399–402 |pmid=1570618}}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Beard CM, Benson RC, Kelalis PP, Elveback LR, Kurland LT |date=January 1977 |title=The incidence and outcome of mumps orchitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 to 1974 |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=3–7 |pmid=609284}}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Bigazzi PE, Kosuda LL, Hsu KC, Andres GA |date=February 1976 |title=Immune complex orchitis in vasectomized rabbits |journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine |volume=143 |issue=2 |pages=382–404 |pmid=129498 |pmc=2190126 |doi=10.1084/jem.143.2.382}}
- {{cite journal |vauthors=Lynch VP, Eakins D, Morrison E |date=August 1968 |title=Granulomatous orchitis |journal=British Journal of Urology |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=451–8 |pmid=5678169 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.1968.tb11832.x}}
- {{cite journal |author=Dreyfuss W |date=April 1954 |title=Acute granulomatous orchiditis |journal=The Journal of Urology |volume=71 |issue=4 |pages=483–7 |pmid=13152871|doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(17)67813-3 }}
- {{cite journal |author=Lambert B |year=1951 |title=The frequency of mumps and of mumps orchitis and the consequences for sexuality and fertility |journal=Acta Genetica et Statistica Medica |volume=2 |issue=Suppl. 1 |pages=1–166 |pmid=15444009}}
- {{cite journal |author=Grünberg H |year=1926 |title=Three unusual cases of chronic orchitis clinically resembling tumors of the testis |journal=Frankfurt Z Pathol |volume=33 |pages=217–27}}
External links
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB = 4342
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|N|45||n|40}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|604}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus = 001280
| eMedicineSubj = emerg
| eMedicineTopic = 344
| MeshID = D009920
}}
{{Male diseases of the pelvis and genitals}}
{{Authority control}}