Order Police battalions

{{Infobox military unit

| unit_name =Order Police battalions

| native_name =

| image =Bundesarchiv Bild 101III-SS-Weiss-047-47, Russland, Minsk, Ordnungspolizei.jpg

| alt =

| caption =Police battalions in parade formation, Minsk, occupied Belarus, 1943

| dates =1939–1945

| country = {{flag|Nazi Germany}}

| branch = Ordnungspolizei (Order Police, "Orpo")

| type = Uniformed police

| role = Participation in the Holocaust
Nazi security warfare

| size =Battalions

| command_structure =Police units under SS command

| garrison =

| garrison_label =

| disbanded =

| notable_commanders =

}}

Order Police battalions were battalion-sized militarised units of Nazi Germany's Ordnungspolizei which existed during World War II from 1939 to 1945. They were subordinated to the Schutzstaffel and deployed in areas of German-occupied Europe, specifically the Army Group Rear Area Commands and territories under civilian administration. Alongside the Einsatzgruppen, Waffen-SS and Wehrmacht, these units were involved in perpetrating the Holocaust and were responsible for large-scale crimes against humanity against civilian populations under German occupation.

Operational history

The Ordnungspolizei (Order Police) was a key instrument of the security apparatus of Nazi Germany. In the prewar period, Heinrich Himmler, the head of the SS, and Kurt Daluege, chief of the Order Police, cooperated in transforming the police force of the Weimar Republic into militarised formations ready to serve the regime's aims of conquest and racial annihilation. In 1938, before the breakout of World War II, the police units participated in the annexation of Austria and the occupation of Czechoslovakia.{{sfn|Showalter|2005|p=xiii}}

=Invasion of Poland=

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-030-0780-25, Krakau, Razzia von deutscher Ordnungspolizei.jpg) in the Kraków ghetto, 1941]]

Police troops were first formed into battalion-sized formations for the invasion of Poland, where they were deployed for security and policing purposes, also taking part in executions and mass deportations.{{sfn|Showalter|2005|p=xiii}} The first 17 battalion formations were deployed by Orpo in September 1939 along with the Wehrmacht in the invasion of Poland. The battalions guarded Polish prisoners of war and carried out expulsion of Poles from Reichsgau Wartheland under the banner of Lebensraum.Browning 1992, p. 38. They also committed atrocities against both the Catholic and the Jewish populations as part of those "resettlement actions".Rossino, Alexander B., Hitler Strikes Poland, University of Kansas Press: Lawrence, Kansas, 2003, pp 69–72, en passim. After hostilities had ceased, the battalions−such as Reserve Police Battalion 101−took up the role of security forces, patrolling the perimeters of the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland (the internal ghetto security issues were managed by the SS, SD, and the Criminal Police, in conjunction with the Jewish ghetto administration).Hillberg, p 81.

=Invasion of the Soviet Union=

Twenty-three Orpo battalions were slated to take part in the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union, Operation Barbarossa. Nine were attached to the Wehrmacht security divisions. Two battalions were assigned to support the Einsatzgruppen, the mobile death squads of the SS, and the Organisation Todt, the military construction group. Twelve were formed into regiments, three battalions each, and designated as Police Regiments Centre, North, South, and Police Regiment Special Purpose.{{sfn|Westermann|2005|pp=163–164}} The goals of the police battalions were to secure the rear by eliminating the remnants of the enemy forces, guarding the prisoners of war, and protecting the lines of communications and captured industrial facilities. Their instructions also included, as Daluege stated, the "combat of criminal elements, above all political elements".{{sfn|Westermann|2005|p=165}}

Comprising about 550 men each, the 300-numbered battalions were raised from recruits mobilised from the 1905–1915 year groups. They were led by career police professionals, steeped in the ideology of Nazism, driven by anti-semitism and anti-Bolshevism.{{sfn|Westermann|2005|p=15}} The regiments and battalions were placed under the command of career policemen. When the units crossed the German-Soviet border, they came under the control of the Higher SS and Police Leader (HSS-PF) for the respective Army Group Centre Rear Areas.{{sfn|Breitman|1998|pp=45–46}}

=Occupied Western and Southern Europe=

Units

File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-138-1091-06A,_Russland,_Mogilew,_jüdische_Frauen_auf_Dorfstraße.jpg photograph of the Jewish women in Mogilev, July 1941. Mogilev Jews were murdered by Police Battalion 322 of Police Regiment Centre in October 1941.{{sfn|Breitman|1998|p=66}}]]

=Regular police battalions=

=Reserve police battalions=

Reserve Police Battalion 101

Aftermath

The Order Police as a whole had not been declared a criminal organisation by the Allies, unlike the SS, and its members were able to reintegrate into society largely unmolested, with many returning to police careers in Austria and West Germany.{{sfn|Westermann|2005|p=231}}

References

Bibliography

{{cite book |last=Arico |first=Massimo |year=2010 |title=Ordnungspolizei: Encyclopedia of the German Police Battalions |location=Stockholm |publisher= Leandoer and Ekholm |isbn=978-91-85657-99-5 }}
{{cite book|last1=Beorn|first1=Waitman Wade|title=Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust in Belarus|date=2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0674725508}}
{{cite book | last = Blood | first = Phillip W. | title = Hitler's Bandit Hunters: The SS and the Nazi Occupation of Europe | publisher = Potomac Books | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-59797-021-1 }}
{{cite book |last1=Breitman |first1=Richard |author-link1=Richard Breitman |title=Official Secrets: What the Nazis Planned, What the British and Americans Knew''. New York:, 1998 |publisher=Hill and Wang/Farrar Straus & Giroux |location=New York |year=1998 |isbn= 9780809001842|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9g5M2Nf1DgC&q=%22police+regiment+center%22&pg=PA46 }}
{{cite book|last1=Curilla|first1=Wolfgang|title=Der Judenmord in Polen und die deutsche Ordnungspolizei 1939-1945|date=2010|publisher=Schöningh Paderborn|location=Paderborn|isbn=978-3-50677043-1}}
{{cite book|title=Roosevelt's Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage |first=Joseph E. |last=Persico | publisher=Random House| date=22 October 2002 | isbn=0-3757-6126-8}}
{{cite contribution |last=Showalter |first=Dennis |author-link1=Dennis Showalter |chapter=Foreword |title=Hitler's Police Battalions: Enforcing Racial War in the East |date=2005|publisher=University Press of Kansas|location=Kansas City |isbn=978-0-7006-1724-1}}
{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Michael |year=2004 |chapter=Bletchley Park and the Holocaust |editor1-last=Scott |editor1-first=L. V. |editor2-last=Jackson |editor2-first=P. D. |title=Understanding Intelligence in the Twenty-First Century: Journeys in Shadows |isbn=0714655333 }}
{{cite book|last1=Tessin|first1=Georg|last2=Kannapin|first2=Norbert|title=Waffen-SS und Ordnungspolizei im Kriegseinsatz 1939 - 1945: ein Überblick anhand der Feldpostübersicht |date=2000|publisher=Biblio-Verlag|location=Osnabrück |isbn=3-7648-2471-9 |name-list-style=amp}}
{{cite web | url=https://collections.ushmm.org/findingaids/RG-48.004M_01_fnd_en.pdf | title = Selected Records from the Military Historical Institute Archives, Prague, 1941-1944 | access-date = 20 January 2018|publisher = United States Holocaust Memorial Museum | year = 2008|ref = {{harvid|USHMM|2008}} }}
{{cite book|last=Westermann|first=Edward B.|title=Hitler's Police Battalions: Enforcing Racial War in the East |date=2005|publisher=University Press of Kansas|location=Kansas City |isbn=978-0-7006-1724-1}}