Organization of American States#Official languages

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File:"International Union of American Republics" logo in 1909 - from publication Cacao (1909) (IA cacao00inte) (page 1 crop).jpg

File:Pan American between 1910 and 1920 (cropped).jpg in 1910, shortly after its construction in Washington, D. C.]]

The notion of an international union in the American continent was first put forward during the liberation of America by José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar{{cite web |title = Panama: A Country Study |location = Washington |publisher = GPO for the Library of Congress |year = 1987 |url = http://countrystudies.us/panama/4.htm }} who, at the 1826 Congress of Panama, still being part of Colombia, proposed creating a league of American republics, with a common military, a mutual defense pact, and a supranational parliamentary assembly. The meeting was attended by representatives of Gran Colombia, comprising the present-day countries of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela, Argentina, Peru, Bolivia, the United Provinces of Central America, and Mexico but the grandly titled "Treaty of Union, League, and Perpetual Confederation" was ultimately ratified only by Gran Colombia. Bolívar's dream soon floundered with civil war in Gran Colombia, the disintegration of Central America, and the emergence of national rather than New World outlooks in the newly independent American republics. Bolívar's dream of inter-American unity was meant to unify Hispanic American nations against external powers.

The pursuit of regional solidarity and cooperation again came to the forefront in 1889–1890, at the First International Conference of American States. Gathered together in Washington, D.C., 18 nations resolved to found the International Union of American Republics, served by a permanent secretariat called the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics (renamed the International Commercial Bureau at the Second International Conference in 1901–1902). These two bodies, in existence as of 14 April 1890, represent the point of inception to which the OAS and its General Secretariat trace their origins.

File:Pan American Union, Washington, DC in 1943.jpg in Washington, D.C. in 1943]]

At the fourth International Conference of American States (Buenos Aires, 1910), the name of the organization was changed to the Union of American Republics and the Bureau became the Pan American Union. The Pan American Union Building was constructed in 1910, on Constitution Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C.

In the mid-1930s, U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt organized an inter-American conference in Buenos Aires. One of the items at the conference was a "League of Nations of the Americas", an idea proposed by Colombia, Guatemala, and the Dominican Republic.Special to the New York Times. [https://www.nytimes.com/1936/04/13/archives/league-of-nations-in-americas-urged-by-3-latin-states-this-is-one.html?sq=League+of+nations+in+Americas&scp=1&st=p "League of Nations in Americas urged by 3 Latin states"], The New York Times. 13 April 1936. p. 1. At the subsequent Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace, 21 nations pledged to remain neutral in the event of a conflict between any two members.[https://www.nytimes.com/1936/12/20/archives/americas-adopt-neutrality-pact-21-nations-pledge-a-joint-attitude.html "Americas adopt neutrality pact"], The New York Times. 20 December 1936. The experience of World War II convinced hemispheric governments that unilateral action could not ensure the territorial integrity of the American nations in the event of external aggression. To meet the challenges of global conflict in the postwar world and to contain conflicts within the hemisphere, they adopted a system of collective security, the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty) signed in 1947 in Rio de Janeiro.

The ninth International Conference of American States was held in Bogotá between March and May 1948 and led by United States Secretary of State George Marshall, a meeting which led to a pledge by members to fight communism in the western hemisphere.{{cite web |url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Organization-of-American-States |title=Organization of American States |website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=4 September 2019}} This was the event that saw the birth of the OAS as it stands today, with the signature by 21 American countries of the Charter of the Organization of American States on 30 April 1948 (in effect since December 1951). The meeting also adopted the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, the world's first general human rights instrument.

The transition from the Pan American Union to OAS would have been smooth if it had not been for the assassination of Colombian leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán. The Director General of the Pan American Union, Alberto Lleras Camargo, became the Organization's first Secretary General.

File:Seal of the Organization of American States SVG.svg]]

The OAS conducted an audit of the 2019 Bolivian general election, which opposition supporters argued was fraudulent. The OAS report contended that the results were marred by "clear manipulation" and significant irregularities leading to the 2019 Bolivian political crisis. Bolivian president Evo Morales resigned soon after, having lost the confidence of the country's military in what he described as a coup.{{Cite news|last1=Faiola|first1=Anthony|last2=Krygier|first2=Rachelle|title=Bolivia's Morales resigns amid scathing election report, rising protests|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/bolivia-to-hold-new-elections-after-protests-and-international-criticism/2019/11/10/4778e842-03b2-11ea-ac12-3325d49eacaa_story.html|access-date=18 March 2021|issn=0190-8286}} Some media outlets debated whether it should be referred to as a coup.{{Cite web|date=11 November 2019|title=AP Explains: Did a coup force Bolivia's Evo Morales out?|url=https://apnews.com/6b2c94306089451d9761878c9f7ce2f1|access-date=4 December 2019|website=Associated Press|quote=Whether the events Sunday in Bolivia constitute a coup d'état is now the subject of debate in and outside the nation. ... Bolivia's "coup" is largely a question of semantics}} On 21 December, the Technical Mission of Electoral Experts sent by the European Union published a 67-page report which made similar observations and conclusions to that of the OAS. They noted that "there were minutes with an unusually high number of null votes, blank votes and a hundred percent participation of voters in a series of polling stations" and highlighted the general failure of the TSE to declare these irregularities.{{cite web|title=Unión Europea Misiónde Expertos Electorales Bolivia 2019 Informe Final|url=https://www.uetrabajandojuntos.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/EU-EEM-BOL-2019-FR-ES.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706084129/https://www.uetrabajandojuntos.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/EU-EEM-BOL-2019-FR-ES.pdf|archive-date=6 July 2020|access-date=15 October 2020|publisher=European Union in Bolivia|url-status=usurped|language=es}}{{cite news|date=21 December 2019|title=Informe de la UE detectó "numerosos errores" en elecciones de Bolivia {{!}} Voice of America - Spanish|language=es|work=www.voanoticias.com|publisher=Voice of America Spanish|url=https://www.voanoticias.com/a/union-europea-detecto-errores-irregularidades-elecciones-bolivia/5215093.html|access-date=15 October 2020}} Studies commissioned by the American left-leaning{{cite news|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Tina|date=4 November 2007|title=The Perils Of Petrocracy|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/magazine/04oil-t.html?pagewanted=7|access-date=5 October 2014|quote=… Mark Weisbrot, co-director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research, a left-wing Washington policy group.}}{{cite news|last1=Sussman|first1=Anna Louie|date=7 September 2015|title=Are Women the New Face of Organized Labor?|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2015/09/07/are-women-the-new-face-of-organized-labor/|access-date=20 September 2015}}{{cite news|last1=Fox|first1=Maggie|date=24 July 2013|title=Obamacare won't slash workers' hours, report finds|agency=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-care/obamacare-wont-slash-workers-hours-report-finds-f6C10732487|access-date=31 October 2014}} think tank CEPR argued that the OAS report's statistical analysis was inaccurate and unreliable.{{Cite web|date=21 October 2020|title=Data from Bolivia's Election Add More Evidence That OAS Fabricated Last Year's Fraud Claims|url=https://www.cepr.net/data-from-bolivias-election-add-more-evidence-that-oas-fabricated-last-years-fraud-claims/ |first1=Jake |last1=Johnston |website=Center for Economic and Policy Research |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025083030/https://cepr.net/data-from-bolivias-election-add-more-evidence-that-oas-fabricated-last-years-fraud-claims/ |archive-date=Oct 25, 2023 }} The author of the OAS's vote return analysis stated that the CEPR's explanation of the results was implausible.{{Cite news|last=Nooruddin|first=Irfan|title=Analysis {{!}} Yes, Bolivia's 2019 election was problematic. Here's why. |date=March 10, 2020 |language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/10/yes-bolivias-2019-election-was-problematic-heres-why/|access-date=18 March 2021|issn=0190-8286}} The organization has been criticized by Mexico{{cite news|last1=Garcia|first1=David Alire|author-link1=|last2=|first2=|author-link2=|last3=|first3=|author-link3=|date=17 March 2021|title=Mexico to OAS: Stop interfering in Bolivia's internal affairs|publisher=Thomson Reuters|work=Associated Press|department=|publication-date=17 March 2021|editor1-last=Esposito|editor1-first=Anthony|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-oas-stop-interfering-internal-affairs-bolivia-2021-03-17/|url-access=|access-date=14 February 2022|quote=}} and the CEPR{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Jack R.|last2=Curiel|first2=John|date=|year=|orig-date=|editor-first=|title=Analysis of the 2019 Bolivia Election|url=https://jackrw.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/Bolivia_report-short.pdf|url-access=|access-date=14 February 2022|publisher=Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR)|quote=}}{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS).|date=February 2022}} for their perception of interference into the internal affairs of Bolivia.{{cite news|last1=Hetland|first1=Gabriel|author-link1=|last2=|first2=|author-link2=|date=7 March 2020|title=Opinion: The OAS helped undermine, not restore, democracy in Bolivia|newspaper=The Washington Post|department=|publication-date=7 March 2020|editor1-last=|editor1-first=|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/03/07/oas-helped-undermine-not-restore-democracy-bolivia/|url-access=|access-date=14 February 2022|quote=|editor3-link=|editor3-first=|editor3-last=|editor2-link=|editor2-first=|editor1-link=|editor2-last=}} The OAS observed the subsequent 2020 Bolivian general election stating there was no evidence of fraud.{{cite web|last=Tancara Castillo|first=Cándido|date=23 October 2020|title=ONU, OEA y Uniore descartan fraude en elecciones generales|url=https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2020/10/23/onu-oea-uniore-descartan-fraude-en-elecciones-generales-272528.html|website=Pagina Siete|language=es|access-date=8 June 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225506/https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/2020/10/23/onu-oea-uniore-descartan-fraude-en-elecciones-generales-272528.html|url-status=dead}} The New York Times concluded that there was some fraud, but that it was unclear how much or if it was sufficient to change the result of the election, and suggested the initial analysis by the OAS was flawed.{{cite web|last=Kurmanaev|first=Anatoly|date=7 June 2020|title=A Bitter Election. Accusations of Fraud. And Now Second Thoughts.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/07/world/americas/bolivia-election-evo-morales.html/|work=The New York Times}}

In November 2021, OAS condemned the outcome of the Nicaraguan general election.{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/oas-members-condemn-nicaragua-elections-urge-action-2021-11-13/ |title=OAS members condemn Nicaragua elections, urge action |publisher=Reuters |date=13 November 2021 }} In April 2022, Nicaragua reported the completion of its withdrawal process from the OAS initiated in November 2021. The OAS stated that, due to the terms of treaty, the withdrawal would not take effect until 2023.{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20220425-nicaragua-says-it-has-withdrawn-from-pan-american-region-bloc-sparking-protest|website=france24.com|date=25 April 2022|title=Nicaragua announces withdrawal from Organization of American States despite bloc's objections}} The move was completed on 19 November that year.{{cite web |url=https://www.laprensalatina.com/the-history-behind-nicaraguas-exit-from-the-oas/ |title=The history behind Nicaragua's exit from the OAS |publisher=La Prensa Latina |date=18 November 2023 |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119143325/https://www.laprensalatina.com/the-history-behind-nicaraguas-exit-from-the-oas/ |url-status=dead }}

Significant milestones in the history of the OAS since the signing of the Charter have included the following:

• 1959: Inter-American Commission on Human Rights created.
• 1959: Inter-American Development Bank created.
• 1960: First application of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance against the regime of Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic
• 1961: Charter of Punta del Este signed, launching the Alliance for Progress.
• 1962: OAS suspends Cuba.
• 1969: American Convention on Human Rights signed (in force since 1978).
• 1970: OAS General Assembly established as the Organization's supreme decision-making body.
• 1979: Inter-American Court of Human Rights created.
• 1991: Adoption of Resolution 1080, which requires the Secretary General to convene the Permanent Council within ten days of a coup d'état in any member country.
• 1994: First Summit of the Americas (Miami), which resolved to establish a Free Trade Area of the Americas by 2005.
• 2001: Inter-American Democratic Charter adopted.
• 2009: OAS revokes 1962 suspension of Cuba.
• 2009: OAS suspends Honduras due to the coup which ousted president Manuel Zelaya.
• 2011: OAS lifts the suspension of Honduras with the return of Manuel Zelaya from exile.
• 2017: Venezuela announces it would begin the process to leave the OAS, accusing the organization of interference in Venezuela's political crisis.
• 2019: During the Venezuelan presidential crisis, the President of the National Assembly Juan Guaidó, recognized by the National Assembly as the acting president, expressed his desire for Venezuela to remain a member of the OAS. the OAS voted to recognize Gustavo Tarre Briceño as Venezuela's delegate in April, the National Assembly's representative to the OAS.
• 2020: OAS concluded that the 2019 Bolivian general election was fraudulent.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/07/world/americas/bolivia-election-evo-morales.html/|title=A Bitter Election. Accusations of Fraud. And Now Second Thoughts.|first=Anatoly |last=Kurmanaev|date=7 June 2020|work=The New York Times}}{{cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2020/06/08/the-nyt-admits-key-falsehoods-that-drove-last-years-coup-in-bolivia-falsehoods-peddled-by-the-u-s-its-media-and-the-nyt/|title=The New York Times Admits Key Falsehoods That Drove Last Year's Coup in Bolivia: Falsehoods Peddled by the U.S., Its Media, and the Times|first=Glenn |last=Greenwald|date=8 June 2020|work=The Intercept}}{{cite web|first=David|last=Resnick|date=5 September 2020|title=The OAS Accusation of Electoral Fraud Against Evo Morales is Bullshit — And Now We Have the Data to Prove It|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2020/09/oas-evo-morales-bolivia-coup-fraud-cepr|work=Jacobin}}
• 2021: Nicaragua submitted a formal request to leave the OAS, following condemnation from the OAS General Assembly of Foreign Ministers of the outcome of the 2021 election.{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/nicaragua-decides-to-leave-oas-after-election-criticism/a-59884427 |title=Nicaragua decides to leave OAS |publisher=DW |date=19 November 2021 }}
• 2023: Nicaragua completed its withdrawal from the OAS.{{cite web |url=https://www.laprensani.com/2023/11/19/politica/3239520-a-partir-de-este-domingo-nicaragua-esta-oficialmente-fuera-de-la-oea |title=A partir de este domingo Nicaragua está oficialmente fuera de la OEA |publisher=La Prensa |language=es |date=19 November 2023 }}

In the words of Article 1 of the Charter, the goal of the member nations in creating the OAS was "to achieve an order of peace and justice, to promote their solidarity, to strengthen their collaboration, and to defend their sovereignty, their territorial integrity, and their independence." Article 2 then defines eight essential purposes:

• To strengthen the peace and security of the continent.
• To promote and consolidate representative democracy, with due respect for the principle of non-intervention.
• To prevent possible causes of difficulties and to ensure the pacific settlement of disputes that may arise among the member states.
• To provide for common action on the part of those states in the event of aggression.
• To seek the solution of political, judicial, and economic problems that may arise among them.
• To promote, by cooperative action, their economic, social, and cultural development.
• To eradicate extreme poverty, which constitutes an obstacle to the full democratic development of the peoples of the hemisphere.
• To achieve an effective limitation of conventional weapons that will make it possible to devote the largest amount of resources to the economic and social development of the member states.

Over the course of the 1990s, with the end of the Cold War, the return to democracy in Latin America, and the thrust toward globalization, the OAS made major efforts to reinvent itself to fit the new context. Its stated priorities now include the following:

• Strengthening democracy: Between 1962 and 2002, the Organization sent multinational observation missions to oversee free and fair elections in the member states on more than 100 occasions. The OAS also works to strengthen national and local government and electoral agencies, to promote democratic practices and values, and to help countries detect and defuse official corruption.
• Working for peace: Special OAS missions have supported peace processes in Nicaragua, Suriname, Haiti, and Guatemala. The Organization has played a leading part in the removal of landmines deployed in member states and it has led negotiations to resolve the continents' remaining border disputes (Guatemala/Belize; Peru/Ecuador). Work is also underway on the construction of a common inter-American counter-terrorism front.
• Defending human rights: The agencies of the inter-American human rights system provide a venue for the denunciation and resolution of human rights violations in individual cases. They also monitor and report on the general human rights situation in the member states.
• Fostering free trade: The OAS is one of the three agencies currently engaged in drafting a treaty aiming to establish an inter-continental free trade area from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego.
• Fighting the drugs trade: The Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission was established in 1986 to coordinate efforts and cross-border cooperation in this area.
• Promoting sustainable development: The goal of the OAS's Inter-American Council for Integral Development is to promote economic development and combating poverty. OAS technical cooperation programs address such areas as river basin management, the conservation of biodiversity, preservation of cultural diversity, planning for global climate change, sustainable tourism, and natural disaster mitigation.

File:Secretary Pompeo Delivers Remarks at the Organization of American States Headquarters (46863388441).jpg Mike Pompeo speaks at the OAS Permanent Council in January 2019]]

The Organization of American States is composed of a General Secretariat, the Permanent Council, the Inter-American Council for Integral Development, and a number of committees.

The General Secretariat of the Organization of American States consists of six secretariats.

• Secretariat for Political Affairs
• Executive Secretariat for Integral Development
• Secretariat for Multidimensional Security
• Secretariat for Administration and Finance
• Secretariat for Legal Affairs
• Secretariat for External Relations

The various committees of the Organization of American States include:

• The Committee on Juridical and Political Affairs
• The Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Affairs
• The Committee on Hemispheric Security
• The Committee on Inter-American Summits Management and Civil Society Participation in OAS Activities

The various commissions of the Organization of American States include:

• Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM)
• Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (CIDH)
• Inter-American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL)

{{main|General Assembly of the Organization of American States}}

File:Organization of American States General Assembly.jpg, in June 2005]]

The General Assembly is the supreme decision-making body of OAS. It convenes once every year in a regular session. In special circumstances, and with the approval of two-thirds of the member states, the Permanent Council can convene special sessions.

The Organization's member states take turns hosting the General Assembly on a rotating basis. The states are represented at its sessions by their chosen delegates: generally, their ministers of foreign affairs, or their appointed deputies. Each state has one vote, and most matters are settled by a majority vote, except for those for which the Charter or the General Assembly's own rules of procedure specifically require a two-thirds majority.

The General Assembly's powers include setting the OAS's general course and policies by means of resolutions and declarations; approving its budget and determining the contributions payable by the member states; approving the reports and previous year's actions of the OAS's specialized agencies; and electing members to serve on those agencies.

The OAS has five specialized agencies:{{cite web | title=OAS :: Our Structure : Specialized Organizations | website=OAS - Organization of American States | date=29 January 1996 | url=http://www.oas.org/en/about/specialized_organizations.asp | access-date=18 October 2021}}

• Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
• {{ill|Inter-American Children's Institute|es|Instituto Interamericano del Niño}} (IIN)
• Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM)
• Pan-American Institute of Geography and History (PAIGH)
• {{ill|Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture|es|Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura}} (IICA)

File:Socha Izabely I Katolickej.JPG, the Catholic Queen in front of the seat of the OAS headquarters in Washington, D.C.]]

The Organization's official languages are Spanish, Portuguese, French, and English. The Charter, the basic instrument governing OAS, makes no reference to the use of official languages. These references are to be found in the Rules of Procedure governing the various OAS bodies. Article 51 of the Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly,General Assembly of the OAS, [http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/agres_1737_xxxo00.htm Amendments to the Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly], 5 June 2000 the supreme body of the OAS, which meets once a year, states that English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish are the four official languages. Article 28 stipulates that a Style Committee shall be set up with representatives of the four official languages to review the General Assembly resolutions and declarations. Article 53 states that proposals shall be presented in the four official languages. The Rules of Procedure and Statutes of other bodies, such as the Inter-American Council for Integral Development (CIDI), the Permanent Executive Committee of the Inter-American Council for Integral Development (CEPCIDI), the Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM), the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD), the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) and the Inter-American Juridical Committee (CJI), technical bodies of the OAS, also mention the four official languages in which their meetings are to be conducted. Policy is therefore dictated through these instruments that require use of the four official languages at meetings.Marguerite Groves (Coordinator, Division of Language Services, OAS), [http://www.cslf.gouv.qc.ca/Seminaire/Conferences/MargueriteGroves.doc Information on the use of language at the OAS: multilingualism] {{webarchive |url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070203222344/http://www.cslf.gouv.qc.ca/Seminaire/Conferences/MargueriteGroves.doc |date=3 February 2007 }}, Inter-American Languages Management Seminar, Conseil supérieur de la langue française (Quebec), Quebec City, 20 to 22 August 2002

Although a number of other languages have official status in one or more member states of OAS (Dutch in Suriname; Haitian Creole alongside French in Haiti; Quechua and Aymara in Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia; Guaraní in Paraguay), they are not official languages of the Organization.

The OAS has two funds, one for the General Secretariat, and one for specific programs and initiatives. The General Assembly asks for contributions from each member country based on its capacity to pay. In 2018 the General Secretariat's budget was $85 million of which the US contributed $50 million. In 2017 the US contributed $17 million to the fund for specific programs which was almost a third of the total contributions for that year.{{cite web |title=The Organization of American States |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/organization-american-states |website=Council on Foreign Relations |access-date=12 November 2019}}

The OAS Office of the Inspector General (OIG) conducts forensic internal performance audits, to assess the General Secretariat in achieving the objectives recommended in administration and operations of the OAS and its safeguarding of resources used to undertake programs across Latin America and the Caribbean. The OIG's internal audit reports[https://www.oas.org/en/oig/activityreports.asp Annual Internal audits] are presented to the OAS Audit Committee, and the Secretary General as well as member states of the OAS upon request. The OIG maintains whistleblower provisions to report irregular activity to the OIG for review.[https://www.oas.org/en/oig/hotline.asp OIG's whistleblower hotline]

Under General Assembly Resolution 123, adopted on April 14, 1973 Financial audits of the accounts of the OAS are published annually.[https://www.oas.org/en/saf/accountability/external_audit.asp Annual External Audits] The annual reports are presented to the General Secretariat by The Audit Committee (formerly The OAS Board of External Auditors.) The Committee members are composed of three members elected by the OAS's General Assembly.

{{Main list|Member states of the Organization of American States}}

Upon its foundation in 1948, the OAS had 21 members, most of them in Latin America:

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}

• Argentina
• Bolivia
• Brazil
• Chile
• Colombia
• Costa Rica
• Cuba{{refn|Suspended from 1962 to 2009, however the Cuban government has stated it does not intend to resume participation in the organization. See Cuba–OAS relations.|group=Note}}
• Dominican Republic
• Ecuador
• El Salvador
• Guatemala
• Haiti
• Honduras{{refn|Suspended between 2009–2011.{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/americas/06/01/honduras.oas/ |title=OAS readmits Honduras to its ranks |date=1 June 2011 |access-date=1 November 2012 |publisher=CNN}} See Suspension of Honduras below.|group=Note}}
• Mexico
• Nicaragua{{refn|On 19 November 2021, Nicaragua announced its intention to withdraw from the OAS. Per the terms of the charter, the process became effective two years following notification, on 19 November 2023. See Status of Nicaragua below.|name=NIC|group=Note}}
• Panama
• Paraguay
• Peru
• United States
• Uruguay
• Venezuela{{refn|On 28 April 2017, Venezuela notified the OAS of its denunciation of the Charter of the OAS, which as per Article 143 would lead to the withdraw of Venezuela from the OAS effective two years from the date of notification. During the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, the President of the National Assembly of Venezuela Juan Guaidó, who was recognized by the National Assembly as the acting president, sent a letter to the OAS Secretary General annulling the previous denunciation of the OAS Charter, and expressing his desire for Venezuela to remain a member of the OAS. The National Assembly designated a special envoy as representative to the OAS, who the OAS voted to recognize as Venezuela's delegate in April.{{cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=S-001/19|title=Resolution on the Situation in Venezuela|date=9 April 2019|access-date=29 April 2019|publisher=Organization of American States}}|name=VEN|group=Note}}

{{div col end}}

The later expansion of the OAS included Canada and the newly independent nations of the Caribbean. Members with later admission dates (sorted chronologically):

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}

• Barbados (member since 1967)
• Trinidad and Tobago (1967)
• Jamaica (1969)
• Grenada (1975)
• Suriname (1977)
• Dominica (1979)
• Saint Lucia (1979)
• Antigua and Barbuda (1981)
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1981)
• Bahamas (1982)
• Saint Kitts and Nevis (1984)
• Canada (1990)
• Belize (1991)
• Guyana (1991)

{{div col end}}

Although admission into OAS's predecessor, the Pan American Union, was initially restricted to republics, several overtures were still made for Canada to join the organization in 1928, 1933, 1936, and 1938. During the 1936 Pan American Union Conference, the organization extended its membership from only "American republics" to "American states" to accommodate Canada's admission as a constitutional monarchy.{{sfn|Pharand|1986|p=432}} However, U.S. opposition to Canadian membership prevented their admittance, with the U.S. fearing the admittance of Canada to the OAS would bring with it British influence that could impede its freedom of action within the organization. The U.S. reversed its position on Canadian membership in 1947.{{sfn|Pharand|1986|p=433}} However, by that time, Canadian foreign policy had adopted an Atlanticist position with a European focus;{{sfn|Pharand|1986|p=454}} resulting in the Canadian government seeing little value in pursuing OAS membership.{{sfn|Pharand|1986|p=433}}

From the 1960s to the 1980s, the Canadian government expressed some interest in joining the OAS, having successfully applied for permanent observer status in 1972 to evaluate potential membership.{{sfn|Pharand|1986|p=436}} In the 1980s, the Canadian government incrementally increased its participation in OAS activities.{{cite book|title=Canada and the OAS: From Dilettante to Full Partner|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=1995|last=McKenna|first=Peter|isbn=0886292581|page=144}} Canada signed the Charter of the Organization of American States in 1989. Canada's membership in the OAS was formalized when the decision was ratified in 1990.{{cite web |last1=OAS |title=Charter of the Organization of American States (a-41): Signatories and Ratifications |url=https://www.oas.org/en/sla/dil/inter_american_treaties_A-41_charter_OAS_signatories.asp#Canada |website=OAS |date=August 2009 |access-date=2 June 2022}}

{{see also|Assassination attempt of Rómulo Betancourt}}

{{citations needed section|date=November 2021}}

During the 6th Conference of Foreign Ministers of the Organization of American States (OAS) in Costa Rica, from 16 to 20 August 1960, a conviction against the State of the Dominican Republic was agreed to unanimously. The penalty was motivated because the foreign ministers checked the veracity of the claim that the Rafael Trujillo regime had sponsored an attack against Rómulo Betancourt, at that time the constitutional president of Venezuela. The meeting was attended by foreign ministers from 21 American nations, including Cuba, which at that time had not yet been expelled from the inter-American system.

All countries, including the United States and Haiti, broke off diplomatic relations with the Dominican Republic. Additionally an economic blockade that affected the exports of sugar was applied, which at that time was the pillar of the Dominican economy.

It was the first application of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, which had been adopted at the OAS on 29 July 1960.

As of 31 January 2014, there are 69 permanent observer countries including the four countries with territory or territories in the Americas—Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom; as well as the European Union and India.{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-675/11 |title=OAS - Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development |date=1 August 2009|website=www.oas.org}}[http://www.oas.org/en/ser/dia/perm_observers/countries.asp SER :: DIA :: Permanent Observers]. OAS. Retrieved on 12 July 2013.{{cite news |title= Montenegro Gains Observer Status to Organisation of American States |date= 4 February 2014 |url= http://www.gov.me/en/News/135189/Montenegro-gains-observer-status-to-Organisation-of-American-States-OAS.html |access-date= 4 February 2014 |archive-date= 24 February 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140224053707/http://www.gov.me/en/News/135189/Montenegro-gains-observer-status-to-Organisation-of-American-States-OAS.html |url-status= dead }}

In March 2022, the OAS voted to suspend Russia as a permanent observer due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.{{cite web | url=https://www.semana.com/mundo/articulo/preguntense-a-quien-hubiera-apoyado-simon-bolivar-dijo-zelenski-en-un-emotivo-discurso-ante-la-oea/202236/ | title="Pregúntense a quién hubiera apoyado Simón Bolívar", dijo Zelenski en un emotivo discurso ante la OEA | date=6 October 2022 }}

{{Further|Cuba–OAS relations}}

The current government of Cuba was excluded from participation in the Organization under a decision adopted by the Eighth Meeting of Consultation in Punta del Este, Uruguay, on 31 January 1962. The vote was passed by 14 in favor, with one against (Cuba) and six abstentions (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, and Mexico). The operative part of the resolution reads as follows:

{{blockquote|{{Clear}}

1. That adherence by any member of the Organization of American States to Marxism-Leninism is incompatible with the inter-American system and the alignment of such a government with the communist bloc breaks the unity and solidarity of the continents.
2. That the present Government of Cuba, which has officially identified itself as a Marxist-Leninist government, was incompatible with the principles and objectives of the inter-American system.
3. That this incompatibility excluded the present Government of Cuba from participation in the inter-American system.{{cite web |title=Six Report on the Situation of Political Prisoners in Cuba |work=Inter-American Commission on Human Rights |publisher=Organization of American States |date=14 December 1979 |url=http://www.cidh.oas.org/countryrep/Cuba79eng/intro.htm}}

}}

This meant that the Cuban nation was still technically a member state, but that the current government was denied the right of representation and attendance at meetings and of participation in activities. The OAS's position was that although Cuba's participation was suspended, its obligations under the Charter, the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, etc. still hold: for instance, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights continues to publish reports on Cuba's human rights situation and to hear individual cases involving Cuban nationals. However, this stance was occasionally questioned by other individual member states.

The resolution to exclude Cuba was controversial when it was adopted, and the reintegration of Cuba into the Inter-American system has remained a frequent source of contention among the countries of the hemisphere ever since.{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite web|title=Organization of American States: Background and Issues for Congress|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42639.pdf}} }} Cuba's position was stated in an official note sent to the Organization "merely as a courtesy" by Minister of Foreign Affairs Raúl Roa on 4 November 1964: "Cuba was arbitrarily excluded ... The Organization of American States has no juridical, factual, or moral jurisdiction, nor competence, over a state which it has illegally deprived of its rights."{{cite web |title=The Situation of Human Rights in Cuba: Seventh Report |work=Inter-American Commission on Human Rights |publisher=Organization of American States |date=4 October 1983 |url=http://www.cidh.oas.org/countryrep/Cuba83eng/intro.htm}} The reincorporation of Cuba as an active member regularly arose as a topic within the inter-American system{{spaced ndash}} for instance, it was intimated by the outgoing ambassador of Mexico in 1998{{cite press release |title=Mexico Calls for Cuba's Reinstatement into the OAS |publisher=Organization of American States |date=4 February 1998 |url=http://www.oas.org/OASpage/press2002/en/Press98/020498ce.htm}} Organization of American States.{{spaced ndash}}but most observers did not see it as a serious possibility while the present government remained in power. Since 1960, the Cuban administration had repeatedly characterized the OAS as the "Ministry of Colonies" of the United States of America.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869814,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624025833/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869814,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 June 2009 |title=The Testing of the OAS |magazine=Time |date=22 August 1960 |accessdate=24 November 2008 }}{{cite news |url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1972/19720426.html |title=Castro admits problems in education |work=Siempre |publisher=Latin American Network Information Center, University of Texas at Austin |first=Marta |last=Solis |date=26 April 1972 |pages=40–41}} Fidel Castro and his brother Raúl attacked the OAS as a "Yankee bordello" and "instrument of imperialist domination" and vowed that Cuba would never join, although OAS rescinded the nation's expulsion in 2009 and invited it to apply for readmission.{{cite news|author=Lino Gutierrez|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/06/09/why-cuba-wont-join-the-oas-3/|title=Why Cuba won't join the OAS|work=Foreign Policy|date=9 June 2009}}{{cite news|title=Cuba will never rejoin 'imperialist' OAS, says Castro|url=https://www.dw.com/en/cuba-will-never-rejoin-imperialist-oas-says-castro/a-19307316|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=5 June 2016}} Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez promised to veto any final declaration of the 2009 Summit of the Americas due to Cuba's exclusion.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8003507.stm |title=Chavez threatens veto over Cuba |work=BBC News Online |date=17 April 2009 |access-date=17 April 2009}}

On 17 April 2009, after a "trading of warm words" between the administrations of U.S. President Barack Obama and Cuban leader Raúl Castro, OAS Secretary General José Miguel Insulza said he would ask the 2009 General Assembly to annul the 1962 resolution excluding Cuba.{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna30261514 |title=U.S., Cuba trade warm words ahead of summit |work=NBC News |date=17 April 2009 |access-date=17 April 2009}}

On 3 June 2009, foreign ministers assembled in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, for the OAS's 39th General Assembly, passed a vote to lift Cuba's suspension from the OAS. The United States had been pressuring the OAS for weeks to condition Cuba's readmission to the group on democratic principles and commitment to human rights. Ecuador's Foreign Minister Fander Falconí said there will be no such conditions. "This is a new proposal, it has no conditions—of any kind," Falconí said. "That suspension was made in the Cold War, in the language of the Cold War. What we have done here is fix a historic error."{{cite news |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/459/story/1079796.html |title=OAS votes to lift suspension of Cuba |work=The Miami Herald |date=3 June 2009 |access-date=3 June 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}} The suspension was lifted at the end of the General Assembly, but, to be readmitted to the Organization, Cuba will need to comply with all the treaties signed by the Member States, including the Inter-American Democratic Charter of 2001.{{Cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/consejo/GENERAL%20ASSEMBLY/Documents/AG04688E08.doc|title=Proceedings Volume 1|access-date=28 December 2019}} A statement issued by the Cuban government on 8 June 2009 stated that while Cuba welcomed the Assembly's gesture, in light of the Organization's historical record "Cuba will not return to the OAS."{{cite news |url=http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2009/junio/lun8/Declaration.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219170708/http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2009/junio/lun8/Declaration.html|archive-date=19 February 2012|title=Declaration of the Revolutionary Government |work=Granma |date=8 June 2009 |access-date=15 June 2009}}

File:Suspensión de Honduras de la OEA.jpg on 5 July 2009, during the 2009 Honduran constitutional crisis.]]

Following the expulsion of its President Manuel Zelaya, Honduras' membership of the Organization was suspended unanimously at midnight on 5 July 2009.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8134699.stm |title=Americas group suspends Honduras |date=5 July 2009 |access-date=5 July 2009 |publisher=BBC}} The de facto government had already announced it was leaving the OAS hours earlier; this was not, however, taken into account by the OAS, which did not recognize that government as legitimate.{{cite web |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0704/honduras.html |title=Honduras leaders pull out of OAS |date=4 July 2009 |access-date=5 July 2009 |publisher=RTÉ}} An extraordinary meeting had been conducted by the OAS in Washington, D.C., with Zelaya in attendance.{{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2009-07/05/content_8379729.htm |title=OAS expels Honduras' membership over coup |date=5 July 2009 |access-date=5 July 2009 |newspaper=China Daily}} The suspension of Honduras was approved unanimously with 33 votes (Honduras did not vote). This was the first suspension carried out by the OAS since that of Cuba in 1962.{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6640179.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529142805/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6640179.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 May 2010 |title=Organisation of American States suspends Honduras over coup |date=5 July 2009 |access-date=5 July 2009 |newspaper=The Times |location=London |first=Deirdre |last=Hipwell}}

After Zelaya's return to Honduras in 2011, the country was re-admitted to the Organization on 1 June 2011 with 32 votes in favor and 1 (Ecuador) against. Venezuela expressed some reservations.[http://www.oas.org/en/media_center/press_release.asp?sCodigo=E-698/11 Press Releases :: E-698/11]. OAS. Retrieved on 12 July 2013.

On 7 November 2021, Nicaragua held a general election which saw President Daniel Ortega re-elected to a fourth term in office.{{cite news|url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20211108-biden-says-nicaragua-s-presidential-election-was-neither-free-nor-fair|date=8 November 2021|title=Biden calls Nicaragua's election a 'pantomime' that's 'neither free nor fair'|access-date=20 November 2021|website=France 24|language=en}} In a vote by the OAS Permanent Council, 25 member states voted in favour of a resolution condemning the election. Seven countries, including Mexico, Honduras and Bolivia, abstained. The motion stated that the election was "not free, fair or transparent and lack[s] democratic legitimacy" and also instructed the Permanent Council to undertake an assessment of the situation and "take appropriate action".{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/oas-members-condemn-nicaragua-elections-urge-action-2021-11-13/|title=OAS members condemn Nicaragua elections, urge action|date=13 November 2021|language=en|work=Reuters|access-date=20 November 2021}}

In response to this statement, Nicaraguan Foreign Minister {{ill|Denis Moncada|es}} announced on 19 November that Nicaragua would leave the OAS.{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/nicaragua-daniel-ortega-bad9d689f5bb528f571f86e8a6e65c4e|title=Nicaragua says it will leave Organization of American States|work=Associated Press News|date=19 November 2021|access-date=20 November 2021}} Moncada called the bloc "an instrument of interference and intervention" and accused it of "facilitating the hegemony of the United States with its interventionism over the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean."{{cite web|title=Nicaragua decides to leave OAS after election criticism|date=19 November 2021|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nicaragua-decides-to-leave-oas-after-election-criticism/a-59884427|access-date=21 November 2021|website=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}{{cite tweet|user=KawsachunNews|author=Kawsachun News|number=1461715434143633422|title=Nicaragua's condemns the OAS as "an instrument of interference and intervention" adding that "it has as its mission to facilitate the hegemony of the United States with its interventionism against the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean."|access-date=20 November 2021}} According to Article 143 of the OAS Charter, the process to withdraw from the organization takes two years after its announcement.{{Cite web|last=Maldonado|first=Carlos Salinas|date=19 November 2021|title=Ortega anuncia la salida de la OEA tras el rechazo a las elecciones de Nicaragua|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2021-11-19/ortega-anuncia-la-salida-de-la-oea-tras-el-rechazo-a-las-elecciones-de-nicaragua.html|access-date=21 November 2021|website=El País|language=es}}

In April 2022, Nicaragua announced that it had completed its withdrawal from the OAS. It said the OAS offices in Managua had been closed. The OAS stated that, due to the terms of treaty, the withdrawal would not take effect until 2023.{{cite news |title=Nicaragua withdraws from regional bloc OAS after election row |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/nicaragua-withdraws-from-regional-bloc-oas-after-election-row/ar-AAWyVBI |access-date=25 April 2022 |work=MSN |date=25 April 2022}} Nicaragua eventually completed its withdrawal from the OAS on 19 November that year.{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/accountability-for-daniel-ortega-and-rosario-murillo-following-oas-departure/ |title=Accountability for Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo Following OAS Departure |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=19 November 2023 }}

On 28 April 2017, Venezuela notified the OAS of its denunciation of the Charter of the OAS, which as per Article 143 would lead to the withdrawal of Venezuela from the OAS effective two years from the date of notification.{{Cite news|url=http://www.oas.org/en/sla/dil/inter_american_treaties_A-41_charter_OAS_signatories.asp|title=CHARTER OF THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (A-41)|access-date=29 April 2019|publisher=Organization of American States}} During this period, the country did not plan on participating in the OAS.{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/venezuela-protesters-hit-by-tear-gas-vow-to-keep-pressure-on-government/2017/04/26/c6fbdcaa-29ee-11e7-9081-f5405f56d3e4_story.html|title=Venezuela says it will quit Organization of American States|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=27 April 2017}}

During the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, the President of the National Assembly of Venezuela Juan Guaidó, who was recognized by the National Assembly as the acting president,{{Cite web |date=2019-01-10 |title=La OEA aprobó la resolución que declara ilegítimo al nuevo gobierno de Nicolás Maduro |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2019/01/10/en-vivo-la-oea-debate-en-sesion-extraordinaria-la-asuncion-de-nicolas-maduro/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=infobae |language=es-ES}} sent a letter to the OAS Secretary General annulling the previous denunciation of the OAS Charter,{{cn|date=February 2025}} and expressing his desire for Venezuela to remain a member of the OAS. The National Assembly designated a special envoy as representative to the OAS, lawyer Gustavo Tarre Briceño, who the OAS voted to recognize as Venezuela's delegate in April.{{cite web |url = https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/oas-recognises-guaido-envoy-venezuela-elections-held-190409210229113.html|title=OAS recognises Guaido's envoy until new Venezuela elections held |date=9 April 2019|access-date=27 April 2019|publisher=Al Jazeera}}{{cite web|url=http://efectococuyo.com/principales/tarre-briceno-primera-designacion-gubernamental-de-la-an/|title=Tarre Briceño, primera designación gubernamental de la AN|website=Efecto Cocuyo|language=es|access-date=23 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123071554/http://efectococuyo.com/principales/tarre-briceno-primera-designacion-gubernamental-de-la-an/|archive-date=23 January 2019|url-status=dead}} In October 2022, a bloc of leftist OAS member states led a motion to remove Tarre's representation in the organization. Out of 35 members, 19 nations voted in favor of the motion and 4 against. The motion fell short of the 24 votes required for a two-thirds majority.{{Cite news |last1=Aquino |first1=Marco |last2=Rochabrun |first2=Marcelo |date=7 October 2022 |title=Latin America's left raises pressure on Venezuela's Guaido at OAS summit |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-americas-left-raises-pressure-venezuelas-guaido-oas-2022-10-06/ |access-date=7 October 2022}}

• African Union
• Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
• European Union
• Flag of the Organization of American States
• Organization of Ibero-American States
• Regional integration
• Rio Group
• Rio Pact
• Statues of the Liberators
• Union of South American Nations

{{Reflist|group="Note"}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite journal|last=Pharand|first=Donat|volume=17|issue=3|year=1986|doi=10.7202/1059251ar|issn=0035-3086|pages=429–454|title=Canada and the OAS: the Vacant Chair Revisited|journal=Revue générale de droit|s2cid=191749791 |doi-access=free}}

{{Commons category}}

• {{official site}}
• [http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/haiti-oas-2011-10.pdf The Organization of American States in Haiti: Election Monitoring or Political Intervention?], from the Center for Economic and Policy Research, October 2011.

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