Oroqen language
{{short description|Tungusic language spoken in Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Oroqen
| states = China
| region = China: Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang
| ethnicity = Oroqen
| speakers = 3,789
| date = 2009
| ref = e25
| familycolor = Altaic
| fam1 = Tungusic
| fam2 = Northern
| fam3 = Ewenic
| fam4 = Evenki group
| iso3 = orh
| glotto = oroq1238
| glottorefname = Oroqeni
| nativename = {{lang|orh|Арутчэн Уркун}}
{{lang|orh|ɔrɔtʃeen ulguur}}
| altname = Orochon, Oronchon, Olunchun, Elunchun, Ulunchun
| Speakere =
| dia1 = Gankui
| speakers2 =
| script = Latin script
| pronunciation = {{IPA|/arʊtɕʰen urkun/}}
| dia2 = Selpechen
}}
Oroqen ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɒr|ə|tʃ|ɛ|n|,_|ˈ|ɒr|oʊ|-}} {{respell|ORR|ə|chen|,_|ORR|oh|-}}; Oroqen Urkun; {{lang|orh|ɔrɔtʃeen ulguur}}{{Cn|date=June 2024}}), also known as Orochon, Oronchon, Olunchun, Elunchun or Ulunchun, is a Northern Tungusic language spoken in the People's Republic of China. Dialects are Gankui and Heilongjiang. Gankui is the standard dialect. It is spoken by the Oroqen people of Inner Mongolia (predominantly the Oroqin Autonomous Banner) and Heilongjiang in Northeast China.{{Cite web |title=Did you know Oroqen is severely endangered? |url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1187 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Endangered Languages |language=en}}
Since the 1980s, Oroqen-language materials were produced by teachers in Oroqen-speaking areas. They based the language's orthography either on IPA or Pinyin. A majority of Oroqen speakers use Chinese as a literary language and some also speak Daur.
Geographic distribution
Phonology
= Consonants =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | |
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} |{{IPA link|ɲ}} |{{IPA link|ŋ}} | |
|---|
| rowspan="2" |Plosive/ Affricate !voiceless |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} |{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} |{{IPA link|k}} | |
| voiced
|{{IPA link|b}} |{{IPA link|d}} |{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} |{{IPA link|ɡ}} | |
| colspan="2" |Fricative
|{{IPA link|ɸ}} | |{{IPA link|ʃ}} | colspan="2" |{{IPA link|x}} ~ {{IPAblink|ɣ}} ~ {{IPAblink|h}} |
| colspan="2" |Rhotic
| |{{IPA link|r}} | | | |
| colspan="2" |Approximant
| |{{IPA link|l}} |{{IPA link|j}} |{{IPA link|w}} | |
- Allophones of /x/ are heard as [ɣ], [h].
- A bilabial /ɸ/ can also be heard as a labio-dental [f].
- A rhotic trill /r/ tends to sound as a tap [ɾ], when occurring word-finally.
= Vowels =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! ! colspan="2" |Front !Back |
| High
|{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iː}} |{{IPA link|y}} | |{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|uː}} |
|---|
| Near-high
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ɪ}} {{IPA link|ɪː}} | |{{IPA link|ʊ}} {{IPA link|ʊː}} |
| High-mid
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|eː}} | rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ə}} {{IPA link|əː}} |{{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|oː}} |
| Low-mid
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ɛː}} |{{IPA link|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔː}} |
| Low
| colspan="2" | | |{{IPA link|ɑ}} {{IPA link|ɑː}} |
- /ə, əː/ are often heard as lower sounds [{{IPA link|ɐ}}, {{IPA link|ɐː}}].
- Short allophones of /o, u/ are heard as [{{IPA link|ɵ}}, {{IPA link|ʉ}}].{{Cite book|title=Elunchun-yu jianzhi [Concise grammar of Oroqen]|last=Hu|first=Zengyi|publisher=Beijing: National Minorities Publ.|year=1986|pages=3–19}}
Sample text
Listed below are some Oroqen sentences.{{Cite web |title=WOLD - |url=https://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/20 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=wold.clld.org}}{{failed verification|reason=The source does not list these sentences. Moreover, some individual words seem to be absent in the source.|date=May 2024}} They are transcribed in Oroqen Phonetic Alphabet.
| {{table}} | |
| Arian has three elder brothers. | Arian ilan axči |
| The children are all come in. | Kúxä səl ku əmčə |
| Arian's elder brother is coming. | Arian axninin əmčə |
| I'm a student. | Pi pite turan |
| You're taller than me | ši mintu gúkta |
| The house is neat and tidy. | Ər jü čaldä le |
| Arian untied the rope | Arian ušixəmúə pudičə |
| How many children do you have? | ši ati kúxa či pišiniʔ |
| Arian took off his clothes
| Arian kantaxúə purmə ədəjə |
Notes
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
{{refbegin}}
- {{Cite journal |title=Language policy and the loss of Tungusic languages |journal=Language & Communication |volume=19 |issue=4 |date=1999 |pages=373–386 |first1=Lenore A. |last1=Grenoble |first2=Lindsay J. |last2=Whaley |doi=10.1016/S0271-5309(99)00011-7|doi-access=free }}
- {{cite journal |last1=Whaley |first1=Lindsay J. |first2=Fengxiang |last2=Li |title=Oroqen Dialects |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=44 |issue=1 |date=2000 |pages=105–30 |jstor=41928224}}
- {{cite book |last=Whaley |first=Lindsay |chapter=Can a Language that Never Existed Be Saved? Coming to terms with Oroqen language revitalization |editor1=J. Freeland |editor2=D. Patrick |title=Language Rights and Language Survival |publisher=Routledge |date=2004 |pages=139–49 |isbn=9781315760155}}
- {{cite journal |last=Fengxiang |first=Li |title=Contact, attrition, and structural shift: evidence from Oroqen |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |volume=2005 |date=2005 |issue=173 |pages=55–74 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.2005.2005.173.55}}
- {{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Fengxiang |last2=Whaley |first2=Lindsay J. |chapter=Loanwords in Oroqen, a Tungusic language of China |title=Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook |editor1=Martin Haspelmath |editor2=Uri Tadmor |pages=525–544 |location=Berlin, New York |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |date=2009 |doi=10.1515/9783110218442.525|isbn=978-3-11-021843-5 }}
- {{cite journal |title=Study of the Contemporary Use of the Oroqen Language in the Province Heilongjiang (People's Republic of China) |first=Yan |last=Likhua |journal=Philology. Theory & Practice |location=Tambov |publisher=Gramota |date=2016 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=189–194 |url=https://www.gramota.net/eng/materials/2/2016/8-2/56.html |lang=RU}}
- Морозова Ольга Николаевна, Булатова Надежда Яковлевна, & Андросова Светлана Викторовна (2020). "РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ ПЕРЕДНЕЯЗЫЧНОГО ЩЕЛЕВОГО /S/ В ЭВЕНКИЙСКОМ И ОРОЧОНСКОМ ЯЗЫКАХ" [Realization of front fricative /S/ in the Evenki and Oroqen languages]. Acta Linguistica Petropolitana. Труды института лингвистических исследований, 2 (XVI), 582-607. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/realizatsiya-peredneyazychnogo-schelevogo-s-v-evenkiyskom-i-orochonskom-yazykah (дата обращения: 06.05.2024).
- {{cite conference |chapter=Development and Suggestions of Oroqen Ethnic Education in China: Based on the Current Situation of Oroqen Language Ecology |first=Xinyun |last=Cao |title=SHS Web Conf. |volume=168 |date=2023 |pages=03019 |doi=10.1051/shsconf/202316803019|doi-access=free }}
{{refend}}
External links
- [http://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/20 Oroqen Vocabulary List] (from the World Loanword Database)
- [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Altaic_languages Oroqen Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh list appendix])
- [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/oroqen.htm Oroqen alphabet] from Omniglot
{{incubator|orh}}
{{incubator|orh|wiktionary}}
{{Languages of China}}
{{Tungusic languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oroqen Language}}