Osmaniye-class ironclad

In 1861, Abdülaziz became sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and thereafter began a construction program to strengthen the Ottoman Navy, which had incurred heavy losses during the Crimean War of 1853–1856. The Navy ordered ironclad warships from shipyards in Britain and France, though the program was limited by the Ottoman Empire's limited finances. The Osmaniye class were the first ironclads to be ordered as part of the program.{{sfn|Lyon|pp=388–389}}

The Osmaniye-class ships were {{convert|91.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long overall, with a beam of {{convert|16.9|m|ftin|abbr=on}} and a draft of {{convert|7.9|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. Their hulls were constructed with iron, incorporated a ram bow, and displaced {{convert|6400|MT|sp=us|lk=on}} normally and {{convert|4211|MT|abbr=on}} BOM. They had a crew of 26 officers and 335 enlisted men as completed, but only 250 after 1894.{{sfn|Lyon|p=389}}{{sfn|Langensiepen & Güleryüz|p=133}}

File:Osmaniye class line-drawing.png

The ships were powered by a single horizontal compound steam engine which drove one screw propeller. Steam was provided by six coal-fired box boilers that were trunked into a single, retractable funnel amidships. Their engine produced a top speed of {{convert|13.5|kn|lk=in}} on sea trials, though by 1891, decades of poor maintenance had reduced the ships' speed to {{convert|6|kn}}. Osmaniye and her sister ships carried {{convert|750|MT|abbr=on}} of coal. A supplementary barque rig with three masts was also fitted.{{sfn|Lyon|p=389}}{{sfn|Langensiepen & Güleryüz|p=133}}

The ships were armed with a battery of one {{cvt|229|mm|0}} rifled muzzle-loading (RML) Armstrong gun and fourteen {{cvt|203|mm|0}} RML Armstrongs. These were supplemented with ten 36-pounder guns, also manufactured by Armstrong. The 229 mm gun was placed on the upper deck, forward, and the rest of the guns were mounted on each broadside on the upper and main decks.{{sfn|Lyon|p=389}}{{sfn|Langensiepen & Güleryüz|p=133}}

The ships' wrought iron armored belt was {{convert|5.5|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip|0}} thick, and was capped with {{convert|3|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip|0}} thick transverse bulkhead at either end. The belt extended from {{convert|2|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on|order=flip|0}} above the waterline and {{convert|6|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on|0}} below amidships, with the depth of the belt reduced to {{convert|4|ft|6|in|m|order=flip|abbr=on|0}} at either end of the ship. Above the belt were strakes of armor {{convert|5|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip|0}} thick that protected the battery, transverse bulkheads {{convert|4.5|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip|0}} connected the battery armor. The 229 mm gun in the bow was protected by a breastwork that was sheathed with {{convert|4|in|mm|abbr=on|order=flip|0}} of iron plate.{{sfn|Lyon|p=389}}{{sfn|Langensiepen & Güleryüz|p=133}}

In 1884, the 36-pounder guns were removed and a light battery of four {{convert|47|mm|abbr=on}} quick-firing (QF) Hotchkiss guns and two 4-barreled {{convert|25.4|mm|abbr=on|0}} Nordenfelt guns were added.{{sfn|Langensiepen & Güleryüz|p=133}}

All four ships were refitted at the Imperial Arsenal, with work lasting from 1890 to 1894. During the refit, they received two vertical triple-expansion engines in place of their original machinery, and six coal-fired Scotch marine boilers replaced the box boilers; the new propulsion system allowed them to steam at a speed of {{convert|10|kn}}. Their armament was radically revised; all of the old muzzle-loaders were removed and a battery of new Krupp breech-loading guns were installed. Two Krupp 24 cm K L/35 guns were added in individual barbettes, one forward and one aft. Eight {{convert|150|mm|abbr=on}} L/25 Krupp guns and six {{convert|105|mm|abbr=on}} L/25 Krupp guns were installed on the broadside. Two of the 47 mm guns were removed and three more Nordenfelt guns were added.{{sfn|Langensiepen & Güleryüz|p=133}}

File:Osmanieh (1865) Rebuilt.jpg

Unlike most of the other ironclads of the Ottoman fleet, the four Osmaniye-class ships were kept out of action during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, since they were among the largest and most powerful vessels of the fleet and the high command decided they ought to be preserved. As a result, they generally remained safely in the Sea of Marmara, though Osmaniye was briefly used as a troop transport in the Mediterranean Sea.{{sfn|Sondhaus|p=90}}{{sfn|Langensiepen & Güleryüz|pp=6–7, 194}} The four ships were reduced to reserve status in Constantinople after the war, with the rest of the Ottoman fleet. The four ships were heavily rebuilt in the early 1890s, being converted into more modern barbette ships.{{sfn|Langensiepen & Güleryüz|p=133}} Nevertheless, they were in poor condition by the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War in February 1897, with many of their guns damaged or incomplete. Training exercises conducted in May highlighted the very low standard of training of their crews, and reinforced the decision not to confront the Greek Navy at sea.{{sfn|Langensiepen & Güleryüz|pp=8–9}}

All four ships were disarmed after the war and laid up.{{sfn|Langensiepen & Güleryüz|p=133}} The Ottomans began a reconstruction program, which was to have included the four Osmaniye-class ships. The proposed alterations included a new propulsion system and a battery consisting of one 203 mm quick-firing gun and nine 150 mm QF guns. They were also to receive a new suite of steel armor, including a {{cvt|254|mm|0}} thick belt, 127 mm thick barbettes, 76 mm gun turrets, and a {{convert|1.5|in|mm|abbr=on|0|order=flip}} thick deck.{{sfn|Lyon|p=389}} But the ships were found to be not worth rebuilding a second time, and so all were ultimately decommissioned in 1909. Aziziye, Orhaniye, and Mahmudiye were briefly used as barracks ships; the latter two were sold for scrap in 1913, and Aziziye and Osmaniye followed them to the ship breakers in 1923.{{sfn|Langensiepen & Güleryüz|pp=9–10, 133}}

{{Commons category}}

{{reflist|20em}}

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|last1=Langensiepen

|first1=Bernd

|last2=Güleryüz

|first2=Ahmet

|year=1995

|title=The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923

|publisher=Conway Maritime Press

|location=London

|isbn=978-0-85177-610-1

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| publisher = Conway Maritime Press

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| url = https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2

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}}

{{Osmaniye class ironclad}}

{{Ottoman ironclads}}