Out of position (crash testing)

Out of position (OOP), in crash testing and car accident medical literature, indicates a passenger position which is not the normal upright and forward-facing position.{{cite book|author1=Stephen M. Foreman|author2=Arthur C. Croft|title=Whiplash Injuries: The Cervical Acceleration/Deceleration Syndrome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=De5LdqgeSf4C&pg=PA104|accessdate=8 December 2012|year=2002|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-2681-8|pages=104–}} For example, a common case observed in crashes is the position of an occupant when reaching for the car radio,{{cite book|author=Larry S. Nordhoff|title=Motor Vehicle Collision Injuries: Biomechanics, Diagnosis, And Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSGyTBzHuUkC&pg=PA513|accessdate=8 December 2012|year=2005|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-0-7637-3335-3|pages=513–}} or panic braking in unbelted passengers.{{cite book|author=Society of Automotive Engineers|title=Air bags and belt restraints|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FRGAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=8 December 2012|date=1 March 2004|publisher=Society of Automotive Engineers|isbn=978-0-7680-1412-9}} The concept is of interest because small changes in a passenger's position can have profound effects on the actual kinematic response, especially in rear impacts, as shown both in practical testing and theoretical models.

File:V08650P003.jpg after an out-of-position side airbag test.]]

Risk of injury

Out of position occupants are at increased risk of injury. Even low speed impacts can cause disc herniation and lumbar fracture on OOP passengers. Airbags can prove fatal on OOP passengers:{{cite book|author1=Michael Griebel|author2=Marc A. Schweitzer|title=Meshfree Methods for Partial Differential Equations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5av2_E39EQkC&pg=PA249|accessdate=8 December 2012|year=2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-43891-5|pages=249–}}{{cite book|author1=Hans-Joachim Bungartz|author2=Michael Schäfer|title=Fluid-Structure Interaction: Modelling, Simulation, Optimisation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OaMOqfPOfEC&pg=PA101|accessdate=12 December 2012|date=14 September 2006|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-34595-4|pages=101–}}{{cite book|author=Mary Roach|title=Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNvkUR5mKoAC&pg=PA93|accessdate=12 December 2012|date=17 May 2004|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-32482-2|pages=93–}}

modulating the airbag folding pattern has been proposed as a method to reduce injuries.{{cite journal|last=Malczyk|first=A|author2=Adomeit, H-D|title=THE AIRBAG FOLDING PATTERN AS A MEANS FOR INJURY REDUCTION OF OUT-OF-POSITION OCCUPANTS|journal=Proceedings of the 39th Stapp Car Crash Conference, November 8-10, 1995, San Diego, California, USA (SAE Technical Paper 952704)|year=1995|pages=19035|url=http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=468715|accessdate=7 December 2012}} Crash testing has shown increased forces acting on the neck and torso when dummies were leaning forward and not upright; a partial correlation with the seat stiffness has been observed, with stiffer seats increasing the force loads on the upper neck.{{cite journal|last=Benson|first=B.R.|author2=Smith GC |author3=Kent RW |author4=Monson CR |title=EFFECT OF SEAT STIFFNESS IN OUT-OF-POSITION OCCUPANT RESPONSE IN REAR-END COLLISIONS|journal=Proceedings of the 40th Stapp Car Crash Conference, November 4-6, 1996, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA (SAE Technical Paper 962434)|date=November 1996|pages=331–44|url=http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=576916}}

References

External Weblinks

[https://www.safetywissen.com/#/object/B04/B04.b9j734686a9bbg6p58p36881yxknew63476820881/ U.S. FMVSS 208 Test Configurations]

Category:Transport safety