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Outline of hydrology

{{Short description|1=Overview of and topical guide to hydrology}}

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to hydrology:

Hydrology – study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.

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What <em>type</em> of thing is hydrology?

Hydrology can be described as all of the following:

= Essence of hydrology =

Branches of hydrology

  • Hydrometry – the measurement of the different components of the hydrologic cycle
  • Chemical hydrology – the study of the chemical characteristics of water
  • Ecohydrology – the study of interactions between organisms and the hydrologic cycle
  • Hydrogeology – the study of the presence and movement of water in aquifers
  • Hydroinformatics – the adaptation of information technology to hydrology and water resources applications
  • Hydrometeorology – the study of the transfer of water and energy between land and water body surfaces and the lower atmosphere
  • Isotope hydrology – the study of the isotopic signatures of water
  • Surface hydrology – the study of hydrologic processes that operate at or near the Earth's surface
  • Catchment hydrology – study of the governing processes in a given hydrologically defined catchment
  • Drainage basin management – covers water-storage, in the form of reservoirs, and flood-protection.
  • Water quality – includes the chemistry of water in rivers and lakes, both of pollutants and natural solutes.

History of hydrology

History of hydrology

Things studied by hydrology

= Abstract concepts in hydrology =

= Phenomena studied by hydrology =

== Water movement pathways ==

Water cycle (aka "hydrological cycle")

= Physical things studied by hydrology =

= Environmental issues =

Measurement tools

=Groundwater=

Source:{{Cite book | last = Western | first = Andrew W. | contribution = Principles of Hydrological Measurements | year = 2005| title = Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences | editor-last = Anderson | editor-first = Malcolm G. | volume = 1 | pages = 75–94| place = West Sussex, England | publisher= John Wiley & Sons Inc.}}

  • Aquifer characterization

:* Flow direction

::* Piezometer - groundwater pressure and, by inference, groundwater depth (see: aquifer test)

::* Conductivity, storativity, transmisivity

::* Geophysical methods

=Surface water=

Source:

  • Water level

:* Mechanical pressure gauge –

:* Electronic pressure gauge –

:* Acoustic pressure gauge –

  • Channel shape

:* Dumpy level –

  • Discharge

:* Acoustic Doppler velocimeter –

:* Dilution tracing –

= Meteorological =

  • Precipitation

:* Rain gauge – rainfall depth (unit) and intensity (unit time−1)

:* Disdrometer – raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity

:* Doppler weather radar – raindrop size, total precipitation depth and intensity, rain cloud reflectivity converted to precipitation intensity through calibration to rain gauges

:* Wind profiler – precipitation vertical and horizontal motion, vertical cross-section of reflectivity and typing

  • Frozen precipitation (on ground)

:* Pressure sensors – pressure, depth, and liquid water equivalent

:* Acoustic sensors – pressure, depth, and liquid water equivalent

  • Mean windspeed and direction

:* Anemometer –

:* Doppler sonar –

:* Wind profiler – air vertical and horizontal motion

  • Mean air temperature

:* Thermometer –

  • Humidity

:* Infrared thermometer – a form of remote sensing

:* Hygrometer (Psychrometer) – measures relative humidity

  • Air pressure

:* Barometer –

  • Heat flux

:* Net radiometer –

:* Pyranometer –

:* Pyrgeometer –

:* Heat flux sensor –

:* Lysimeter –

  • Cloudiness/Sunshine

:* Spectroradiometer –

:* Campbell–Stokes recorder –

  • Evapotranspiration {{cite journal | last = Shuttleworth | first = W. James | title = Evapotranspiration Measurement Methods | journal = Southwest Hydrology | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 22–23 | location = Tucson, AZ | date = January–February 2008 | url = http://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/archive/V7_N1/feature3.pdf | access-date = 2009-07-22}}

:* Water budget method

::* Basin water balance –

::* Evaporation pan –

::* Lysimetry –

::* Soil moisture depletion –

:* Water vapor transfer method

::* Bowen ratio – considers the energy budget

::* Eddy covariance –

:* Component analysis

::* Porometry/Sap flow –

::* Interception loss –

::* Soil evaporation –

:* Large-scale

::* Scintillometer –

::* Remote sensing estimates –

::* LIDAR –

=Soil/porous media=

Source:

  • Bulk density & porosity

:* Oven dried sample –

  • Matric potential

:* Suction plate – determines relationship between the water volume and matric potential

:* Resistance thermometer – relates to matric potential from previous calibration

  • Hydraulic conductivity

:* Disc permeameter – measures soil hydraulic conductivity

:* Rainfall simulator – measures output through the application of constant input ("rain") in a sealed area

:* Slug test – addition or removal of water and monitors the time until return to predisturbance level

  • Piezometer –
  • Soil moisture content (water volume percentage)

:* Frequency domain sensor –

:* Time domain reflectometer –

:* Neutron probe –

=Water quality=

Source:

  • Conductivity

:* Electrical conductivity – variety of probes used

  • pH

:* pH meter –

  • Dissolved oxygen (DO)

:* Winkler test –

  • Turbidity

:* Nephelometer (Turbidimeter) –

  • Water clarity

:* Secchi disk –

  • Bed load
  • Erosion/deposition

Modeling

=Equations=

Basin

Catchment

Evaporation

Infiltration/Soil Movement

:* Darcy-Weisbach –

Streamflow/Open channel

Erosion

Groundwater

=Power/Uncertainty=

==Models==

Hydrological transport model

{{see also|Runoff model (reservoir)}}

Applications of hydrology

Some examples of applications of hydrology:

Hydrology organizations

= Intergovernmental organizations =

  • International Hydrological Programme (IHP){{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/|title=International Hydrological Programme (IHP)|date=6 May 2013|publisher=IHP|access-date=8 June 2013}}

= International research bodies =

  • International Water Management Institute (IWMI){{cite web|url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org|title=International Water Management Institute (IWMI)|publisher=IWMI|access-date=8 March 2013}}
  • UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco-ihe.org|title=UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education|publisher=UNIESCO-IHE|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804223956/http://www.unesco-ihe.org/|archive-date=4 August 2007|url-status=dead}}

= National research bodies =

  • Centre for Ecology and Hydrology – UK{{cite web|url=http://www.ceh.ac.uk/|title=CEH Website|publisher=Centre for Ecology & Hydrology|access-date=8 March 2013}}
  • Centre for Water Science, Cranfield University, UK{{cite web|url=http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/water|title=Cranfield Water Science Institute|publisher=Cranfield University|access-date=8 March 2013}}
  • eawag – aquatic research, ETH Zürich, Switzerland{{cite web|url=http://www.eawag.ch|title=Eawag aquatic research|publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology|date=25 January 2012|access-date=8 March 2013}}
  • Institute of Hydrology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany{{cite web|url=http://www.hydro.uni-freiburg.de/strt-en?set_language=en|title=Professur für Hydrologie|publisher=University of Freiburg|date=23 February 2010|access-date=8 March 2013}}
  • United States Geological Survey – Water Resources of the United States{{cite web|url=http://water.usgs.gov|title=Water Resources of the United States|publisher=USGS|date=4 October 2011|access-date=8 March 2013}}
  • NOAA's National Weather Service – Office of Hydrologic Development, USA{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov/ohd/|title=Office of Hydrologic Development|work=National Weather Service|publisher=NOAA|date=28 October 2011|access-date=8 March 2013}}
  • US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center, USA{{cite web|url=https://www.hec.usace.army.mil|title=Hydrologic Engineering Center|publisher=US Army Corps of Engineers|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308150357/http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/|url-status=live}}
  • Hydrologic Research Center, USA{{cite web|url=http://www.hrc-lab.org|title=Hydrologic Research Center|publisher=Hydrologic Research Center|access-date=8 March 2013}}
  • NOAA Economics and Social Sciences, USA{{cite web|url=http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=weather&file=users/business/watermgt/|title=NOAA Economics and Social Sciences|publisher=NOAA Office of Program Planning and Integration|access-date=8 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192153/http://www.economics.noaa.gov/?goal=weather&file=users%2Fbusiness%2Fwatermgt%2F|archive-date=25 July 2011}}
  • University of Oklahoma Center for Natural Hazards and Disasters Research, USA{{cite web|url=http://vpr-norman.ou.edu/centers-institutes/list/center-natural-hazards-and-disasters-research|title=Center for Natural Hazard and Disasters Research|publisher=University of Oklahoma|date=17 June 2008|access-date=8 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524020626/http://vpr-norman.ou.edu/centers-institutes/list/center-natural-hazards-and-disasters-research|archive-date=24 May 2013}}
  • National Hydrology Research Centre, Canada{{cite web|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/scitech/default.asp?lang=En&n=44EEFEB3-1#nhrc|title=National Hydrology Research Centre (Saskatoon, SK)|work= Environmental Science Centres|publisher=Environment Canada|access-date=8 March 2013}}
  • National Institute of Hydrology, India{{cite web|url=http://www.nih.ernet.in|title=National Institute of Hydrology (Roorkee), India|publisher=NIH Roorkee|access-date=1 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000919052111/http://www.nih.ernet.in/|archive-date=19 September 2000}}

= National and international societies =

  • Geological Society of America (GSA) – Hydrogeology Division{{cite web|url=http://gsahydro.fiu.edu/index.htm|title=Hydrogeology Division|publisher=The Geological Society of America|date=10 September 2011|access-date=8 March 2013}}
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU) – Hydrology Section{{cite web|url=http://hydrology.agu.org/|title=Welcome to AGU's Hydrology (H) Section|publisher=American Geophysical Union|access-date=8 March 2013}}
  • National Ground Water Association (NGWA){{cite web|url=http://www.ngwa.org|title=National Ground Water Association|access-date=8 March 2013}}
  • American Water Resources Association{{cite web|url=http://www.awra.org|title=American Water Resources Association|date=2 January 2012|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324205603/http://awra.org/|archive-date=24 March 2018|url-status=dead}}
  • Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science, Inc. (CUAHSI){{cite web|url=http://www.cuahsi.org/|title=CUAHSI|access-date=8 March 2013}}
  • International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS){{cite web|url=http://www.iugg.org/associations/iahs.php|title=International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)|work=Associations|publisher=International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics|date=1 December 2008|access-date=8 March 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://iahs.info/|title=International Association of Hydrological Sciences|access-date=8 March 2013}}
  • Statistics in Hydrology Working Group (subgroup of IAHS){{cite web|url=http://www.stahy.org|title=International Commission on Statistical Hydrology|publisher=STAHY|access-date=8 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606030654/http://www.stahy.org/|archive-date=6 June 2013|url-status=dead}}
  • German Hydrological Society (DHG: Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft)[http://www.dhydrog.de/ Deutsche Hydrologische Gesellschaft], accessed 2 September 2013
  • Italian Hydrological Society (SII-IHS) – http://www.sii-ihs.it
  • Nordic Association for Hydrology[http://nhf-hydrology.org/ Nordic Association for Hydrology], accessed 2 September 2013
  • British Hydrological Society{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrology.org.uk/|title=The British Hydrological Society|access-date=8 March 2013}}
  • Russian Geographical Society (Moscow Center) – Hydrology Commission{{cite web|url=http://rgo.msk.ru/commissions/hydrology/|script-title=ru:Гидрологическая комиссия|language=ru|trans-title=Hydrological Commission|publisher=Russian Geographical Society|access-date=8 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826174332/http://rgo.msk.ru/commissions/hydrology/|archive-date=26 August 2013}}
  • International Association for Environmental Hydrology{{cite web|url=http://hydroweb.com|title=Hydroweb|publisher=The International Association for Environmental Hydrology|access-date=8 March 2013}}
  • International Association of Hydrogeologists{{Cite web|url = http://iah.org/|title = International Association of Hydrogeologists|access-date = 19 June 2014}}

= Basin- and catchment-wide overviews =

  • Connected Waters Initiative, University of New South Wales{{cite web|url=http://www.connectedwaters.unsw.edu.au|title=Connected Waters Initiative (CWI)|publisher=University of New South Wales|access-date=8 March 2013}} – Investigating and raising awareness of groundwater and water resource issues in Australia
  • Murray Darling Basin Initiative, Department of Environment and Heritage, Australia{{Cite web|url = http://www.environment.gov.au/node/24407|title = Integrated Water Resource Management in Australia: Case studies – Murray–Darling Basin initiative|access-date = 19 June 2014|website = Australian Government, Department of the Environment|publisher = Australian Government}}

Hydrology publications

= Hydrology-related journals =

Persons influential in the field of hydrology

Allied sciences

:*Hydraulic engineering –

:*Limnology –

:*Oceanography –

Hydrology lists

  • Drainage basins by area – largest hydrologically defined watersheds in the world
  • Floods – chronological and geographic list of major floods worldwide
  • Waterways – worldwide listing of waterbodies classified as rivers, canals, estuaries, and firths

See also

; Other water-related fields

  • Oceanography – more general study of water in the oceans and estuaries.
  • Meteorology – more general study of the atmosphere and of weather, including precipitation as snow and rainfall.
  • Limnology – study of inland waters (running and standing waters, both fresh and saline, natural or man-made), including their biological, chemical, physical, geological, and other attributes.Wetzel, R.G. (2001) Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed. Academic Press. {{ISBN|0-12-744760-1}} This includes the study of lakes and ponds, rivers, springs, streams and wetlands.
  • Water resources – sources of water that are useful or potentially useful. Hydrology studies the availability of those resources, but usually not their uses.

References

{{reflist|2}}

External links

{{Sister project links|Hydrology}}

  • [http://www.hydrology.nl/ Hydrology.nl – Portal to international hydrology and water resources]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20130601205453/http://floodrisk.net/ Decision tree to choose an uncertainty method for hydrological and hydraulic modelling]
  • [http://www.experimental-hydrology.net/ Experimental Hydrology Wiki]

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