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PACMAD clade

{{Short description|A major clade in the grass family Poaceae}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Campanian|Recent}}{{cite journal |last1=Berry |first1=E. W. |title=The Upper Cretaceous and Eocene floras of South Carolina and Georgia |journal=U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper |date=1914 |volume=84 |doi=10.3133/pp84}}

|image = Panicum virgatum.jpg

|image_caption = switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)

|taxon = PACMAD clade

|subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies

|subdivision = * Aristidoideae

}}

The PACMAD clade (previously PACCMAD, PACCAD, or PACC) is one of two major lineages (or clades) of the true grasses (Poaceae), regrouping six subfamilies and about 5700 species, more than half of all true grasses. Its sister group is the BOP clade. The PACMAD lineage is the only group within the grasses in which the C4 photosynthesis pathway has evolved; studies have shown that this happened independently multiple times.

Phylogeny

The name of the clade comes from the first initials of the included subfamilies Panicoideae, Arundinoideae, Chloridoideae, Micrairoideae, Aristidoideae, and Danthonioideae. It has no defined taxonomic rank but is used frequently because it refers to a well-defined monophyletic group with a distinct ecology.

Phylogeny of the PACMAD clade, with photosynthetic pathways for each subfamily:

{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:75%;width:600px;

|label1=Poaceae

|1={{clade

|1=Anomochlooideae

|2={{clade

|1=Pharoideae

|2={{clade

|1=Puelioideae

|2={{clade

|1=BOP clade

|label2=PACMAD clade

|2={{clade

|1=Aristidoideae C3 & C4

|2={{clade

|1=Panicoideae C3 & C4

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Chloridoideae C3 & C4

|2=Danthonioideae C3

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Arundinoideae C3

|2=Micrairoideae C3 & C4

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

References

{{Reflist|30em|refs=

{{cite journal |author=Grass Phylogeny Working Group II| title=New grass phylogeny resolves deep evolutionary relationships and discovers C4 origins | journal=New Phytologist |volume=193 |issue=2 |year=2012 |pages=304–312 |issn=0028-646X |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03972.x |pmid=22115274| hdl=2262/73271 |hdl-access=free }} {{open access}}

{{cite journal |last1=Soreng |first1=Robert J. |last2=Peterson |first2=Paul M. |last3=Romaschenko |first3=Konstantin |last4=Davidse |first4=Gerrit |last5=Zuloaga |first5=Fernando O. |last6=Judziewicz |first6=Emmet J. |last7=Filgueiras |first7=Tarciso S. |last8=Davis |first8=Jerrold I. |last9=Morrone |first9=Osvaldo |title=A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=53 |issue=2 |year=2015 |pages=117–137 |issn=1674-4918 |doi=10.1111/jse.12150|s2cid=84052108 |hdl=11336/25248 |hdl-access=free }} {{open access}}

}}

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{{Taxonbar|from=Q17117466}}

Category:Poaceae

Category:Photosynthesis

Category:Plant unranked clades

{{Poaceae-stub}}