PCA3

The most frequently used biomarker for prostate cancer today is the serum level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), or derived measurements. However, since PSA is prostate-specific but not cancer-specific, it is an imperfect biomarker. For example, PSA can increase in older men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Several new biomarkers are being investigated to improve the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Some of these can be measured in urine samples, and it is possible that a combination of several urinary biomarkers will replace PSA in the future.{{cite journal | vauthors = Laxman B, Morris DS, Yu J, Siddiqui J, Cao J, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Tsodikov A, Wei JT, Tomlins SA, Chinnaiyan AM | title = A first-generation multiplex biomarker analysis of urine for the early detection of prostate cancer | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 68 | issue = 3 | pages = 645–9 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18245462 | pmc = 2998181 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-3224 }}

Compared to serum PSA, PCA3 has a lower sensitivity but a higher specificity and a better positive and negative predictive value.{{cite journal | vauthors = Vlaeminck-Guillem V, Ruffion A, Andre J | title = [Value of urinary PCA3 test for prostate cancer diagnosis] | language = fr | journal = Progres en Urologie | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 259–65 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18538269 | doi = 10.1016/j.purol.2008.03.029 }} It is independent of prostate volume, whereas PSA is not.{{cite journal | vauthors = Deras IL, Aubin SM, Blase A, Day JR, Koo S, Partin AW, Ellis WJ, Marks LS, Fradet Y, Rittenhouse H, Groskopf J | title = PCA3: a molecular urine assay for predicting prostate biopsy outcome | journal = The Journal of Urology | volume = 179 | issue = 4 | pages = 1587–92 | date = April 2008 | pmid = 18295257 | doi = 10.1016/j.juro.2007.11.038 }} It should be measured in the first portion of urine after prostate massage with digital rectal examination.

PCA3 has been shown to be useful to predict the presence of malignancy in men undergoing repeat prostate biopsy.{{cite journal | vauthors = Haese A, de la Taille A, van Poppel H, Marberger M, Stenzl A, Mulders PF, Huland H, Abbou CC, Remzi M, Tinzl M, Feyerabend S, Stillebroer AB, van Gils MP, Schalken JA | title = Clinical utility of the PCA3 urine assay in European men scheduled for repeat biopsy | journal = European Urology | volume = 54 | issue = 5 | pages = 1081–8 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 18602209 | doi = 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.06.071 | url = http://www.europeanurology.com/article/S0302283808007781/pdf }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Marks LS, Fradet Y, Deras IL, Blase A, Mathis J, Aubin SM, Cancio AT, Desaulniers M, Ellis WJ, Rittenhouse H, Groskopf J | title = PCA3 molecular urine assay for prostate cancer in men undergoing repeat biopsy | journal = Urology | volume = 69 | issue = 3 | pages = 532–5 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17382159 | doi = 10.1016/j.urology.2006.12.014 }} This means that it could be useful clinically for a patient for whom digital rectal examination and PSA suggest possible prostate cancer, but the first prostate biopsy returns a normal result. This occurs in approximately 60% of cases, and on repeat testing, 20-40% have an abnormal biopsy result.{{cite journal | vauthors = de la Taille A | title = Progensa PCA3 test for prostate cancer detection | journal = Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics | volume = 7 | issue = 5 | pages = 491–7 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17892357 | doi = 10.1586/14737159.7.5.491 | s2cid = 11338727 }}

Other uses that are being studied for PCA3 include its correlation with adverse tumor features such as tumor volume, grading (Gleason score) or extracapsular extension. These studies have so far produced conflicting results.{{cite journal | vauthors = Nakanishi H, Groskopf J, Fritsche HA, Bhadkamkar V, Blase A, Kumar SV, Davis JW, Troncoso P, Rittenhouse H, Babaian RJ | title = PCA3 molecular urine assay correlates with prostate cancer tumor volume: implication in selecting candidates for active surveillance | journal = The Journal of Urology | volume = 179 | issue = 5 | pages = 1804–9; discussion 1809–10 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18353398 | doi = 10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.013 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = van Gils MP, Hessels D, Hulsbergen-van de Kaa CA, Witjes JA, Jansen CF, Mulders PF, Rittenhouse HG, Schalken JA | title = Detailed analysis of histopathological parameters in radical prostatectomy specimens and PCA3 urine test results | journal = The Prostate | volume = 68 | issue = 11 | pages = 1215–22 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18500693 | doi = 10.1002/pros.20781 | s2cid = 38697285 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Whitman EJ, Groskopf J, Ali A, Chen Y, Blase A, Furusato B, Petrovics G, Ibrahim M, Elsamanoudi S, Cullen J, Sesterhenn IA, Brassell S, Rittenhouse H, Srivastava S, McLeod DG | title = PCA3 score before radical prostatectomy predicts extracapsular extension and tumor volume | journal = The Journal of Urology | volume = 180 | issue = 5 | pages = 1975–8; discussion 1978–9 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 18801539 | doi = 10.1016/j.juro.2008.07.060 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1259197}}

A commercial kit called the Progensa PCA3 test is marketed by the Californian company Gen-Probe.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} Gen-Probe acquired rights to the PCA3 test from Diagnocure in 2003.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} In April 2012, Hologic bought Gen-Probe for $3.75 billion by cash.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hologic-idUSBRE83T10D20120430 |title=Hologic to buy Gen-Probe for $3.75 billion |author=Soyoung Kim and Anand Basu |newspaper=Reuters |date=30 April 2012 |access-date=April 8, 2017}}

PCA3 was discovered to be highly expressed by prostate cancer cells in 1999.{{third-party-inline|date=April 2017}}

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• {{cite journal | vauthors = Clarke RA, Zhao Z, Guo AY, Roper K, Teng L, Fang ZM, Samaratunga H, Lavin MF, Gardiner RA | title = New genomic structure for prostate cancer specific gene PCA3 within BMCC1: implications for prostate cancer detection and progression | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = e4995 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19319183 | pmc = 2655648 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0004995 | bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.4995C | editor1-last = Zhang | editor1-first = Baohong | doi-access = free }}
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• {{cite journal | vauthors = Hessels D, Schalken JA | title = The use of PCA3 in the diagnosis of prostate cancer | journal = Nature Reviews. Urology | volume = 6 | issue = 5 | pages = 255–61 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19424173 | doi = 10.1038/nrurol.2009.40 | s2cid = 23967596 }}
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• {{cite journal | vauthors = Hessels D, Klein Gunnewiek JM, van Oort I, Karthaus HF, van Leenders GJ, van Balken B, Kiemeney LA, Witjes JA, Schalken JA | title = DD3(PCA3)-based molecular urine analysis for the diagnosis of prostate cancer | journal = European Urology | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 8–15; discussion 15–6 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12814669 | doi = 10.1016/S0302-2838(03)00201-X }}
• {{cite journal | vauthors = Mearini E, Antognelli C, Del Buono C, Cochetti G, Giannantoni A, Nardelli E, Talesa VN | title = The combination of urine DD3(PCA3) mRNA and PSA mRNA as molecular markers of prostate cancer | journal = Biomarkers | volume = 14 | issue = 4 | pages = 235–43 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19489685 | doi = 10.1080/13547500902807306 | s2cid = 7022529 }}

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• {{MeshName|prostate+cancer+antigen+3,+human}}

{{Tumor markers}}

Category:Non-coding RNA

Category:RNA

Category:Tumor markers