PICO-8

The PICO-8 program integrates a Lua code editor, sprite and map creation tools, and an audio sound effect and music editor. The program can load games saved locally on a computer, in the form of text or as specially encoded .png images. The interface also supports a splore mode, where games uploaded to the BBS can be previewed and then played in the PICO-8 program.{{Cite web |title=PICO-8 Manual |url=https://www.lexaloffle.com/dl/docs/pico-8_manual.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.lexaloffle.com}}

PICO-8 games, as well as the program's interface itself, are limited to a 128 × 128 pixel, 16-color display, and a 4-channel audio output.{{ cite web | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161117075426/https://killscreen.com/articles/alone-dark-still-creepy-brightly-colored-remake/ | title = Alone in the Dark is still creepy in its brightly-colored remake | url = https://killscreen.com/articles/alone-dark-still-creepy-brightly-colored-remake/ | website = Kill Screen | access-date = November 17, 2016 | first = Mostafa | last = Hossam | url-status = live | archivedate = November 17, 2016 | date = August 16, 2016 }}

As of v0.1.11,{{cite web |title=about 0.1.11 binary exports |url=https://www.lexaloffle.com/bbs/?tid=30127}} users may export Pico-8 cartridges as stand-alone executables for Windows, Linux (64 bit), Mac, and Raspberry Pi.

File:Pico-8 default and hidden palette.png

The PICO-8 palette contains 16 colors. Colors in the palette can be replaced with a different set of colors by indexing a palette update with a color ID larger than 128. These colors are not officially recognized by the creators; however, they are embraced by the community and given unofficial names.{{Cite web |title=Nerdy Guide {{!}} PALETTES |url=https://nerdyteachers.com/PICO-8/Guide/?PALETTES |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=nerdyteachers.com}}

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File:Lex500 pal.png

Joseph White, who is better known with his nickname Zep, has started working on a BBC BASIC styled BASIC interpreter dubbed LEX500. Joseph later returned to LEX500 while working on another game engine called Voxatron. During development, Joseph switched from BASIC to Lua 2 syntax as the latter is easier to use and more capable as a programming language.{{Cite web |title=Voxatron Development Diary 3 |url=https://www.lexaloffle.com/bbs/?tid=1248 |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.lexaloffle.com}} He added built-in tools to it such as a music tracker and a map editor, and decided to rename it PICO-8.{{cite journal |last1=Walker-Emig |first1=Paul |title=PICO-8: GAMING'S FANTASY CONSOLE: WE SPEAK TO CREATOR AND COMMUNITY TO FIND OUT HOU A 'CONSOLE' REPLICATING RETRO HARDWARE LIMITATIONS IS GIVING BIRTH TO GREAT GAMES SPARKING CREATIVITY AND PROVIDING A DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT LOVED BY VETERANS AND HOBBYISTS ALIKE. |journal=Retro Gamer |date=June 2021 |issue=221 |page=64 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A665474449/ITOF?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-ITOF&xid=7bbfa18d |access-date=21 May 2022}}

Joseph got inspiration from older system while setting limitations to PICO-8. The 16-color palette was inspired by Commodore 64, 4-channel trackers from Amiga 500, and overall aesthetics from other 80s hardware such as Apple IIe and Famicom. He coined the term fantasy console to describe systems like PICO-8 that have deliberate limitations to fit a hypothetical hardware.{{Cite news |last=Altice |first=Nathan |date=January 22, 2016 |title=The Modest Fantasy of the PICO-8 |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/games/the-modest-fantasy-of-the-pico-8 |work=Paste}}

PICO-BASIC v0.0. got revealed at Pico Pico Cafe on May 9, 2014 by Lexaloffle Games.{{Cite news |date=May 9, 2014 |title=Picotachi has begun. First of all, the first one is Lexaloffle Games |url=https://x.com/picopicocafe/status/464737483989590016?s=61&t=1d80JTBDsdhBaSsxVwly8A |work=X post}} PICO-8 was released in 2015, respectively, the copyright year still says "2014" starting in the copyright year saying "2014-15" or "2014-2015".

In 2024 for the 10 years of the development of the virtual machine and game engine, the Alpha release of Picotron was launched on March 14, 2024, following the launch of the PICO-8 software version 0.2.6 on February 28, 2024.{{Cite web |title=PICO-8 0.2.6 |url=https://www.lexaloffle.com/bbs/?pid=142119 |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.lexaloffle.com}}

As a fantasy console, PICO-8 doesn't have an official hardware that it is based on and all of its limitations are purely emulated. Homebrew computer and hardware hobbyists in general try to fit PICO-8 in low-end devices. PICO-8 has an official image for Raspberry Pi and CHIP (shipped pre-installed in Pocket CHIP),{{cite web|title=PocketCHIP online documentation|url=https://docs.getchip.com/pocketchip.html#applications|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408214600/https://docs.getchip.com/pocketchip.html#applications|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 April 2018|publisher=Next Thing Co.|accessdate=19 January 2017}} and the PICO-8 community managed to directly run the official software or the games via PICO-8 emulators available in RetroArch on other single board computers.{{Cite web |title=PICO-8 for Raspberry Pi |url=https://www.lexaloffle.com/bbs/?tid=3085 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.lexaloffle.com}}{{Cite web |title=PICO-8 For PocketCHIP |url=https://www.lexaloffle.com/bbs/?tid=34009 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.lexaloffle.com}}{{Cite web |date=2021-02-22 |title=RetroArch announce the Open Hardware project, plus a new fantasy console core |url=https://www.gamingonlinux.com/2021/02/retroarch-announce-the-open-hardware-project-plus-a-new-fantasy-console-core/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=GamingOnLinux |language=en}}

While it is not possible to run PICO-8 itself on devices that are not at least i386/amd64 or ARM-64 due to several libraries, people managed to emulate p8 games on various low-cost handheld consoles via open source emulators such as Fake-08 and tac08, which can function even on devices based on 32-bit microcontrollers (most notably ESP32).{{Cite web |title=Simple handheld PICO-8 devices (summer 2021) |url=https://www.lexaloffle.com/bbs/?tid=44065 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.lexaloffle.com}}{{Cite web |last=Labs |first=peX |date=2024-06-01 |title=PeX Labs: Building my own game console for PICO-8 |url=https://medium.com/@getpexlabs/pex-labs-building-my-own-game-console-for-pico-8-48a87d7cd404 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Medium |language=en}}

File:CelesteClassic.png

The release of PICO-8 attracted the attention of programmers and video game developers who enjoyed the challenge of developing under these limitations, and spurred the development of similar game engines with intentional retro-style limitations. These engines are now commonly dubbed "fantasy consoles", based on a definition of the term on PICO-8's website, and roughly simulate the strict limitations of old game consoles and computers. Among these are TIC-80, which styles itself as a "fantasy computer", and Pixel Vision 8, which allows the user to specify the simulated hardware limitations they wish to develop under.{{Cite web |title=TIC80 - A Better Pico8? |url=https://8bitnews.io/article/tic80-a-better-pico8 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=8bitnews.io |language=en}} The development of fantasy consoles, as well as the development of games for them, has evolved into its own, almost exclusively hobbyist, sub-community of game development and programming.{{Cite news |last=Altice |first=Nathan |date=January 22, 2016 |title=The Modest Fantasy of the PICO-8 |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/games/the-modest-fantasy-of-the-pico-8 |work=Paste}}

File:PicoCAD demonstration.webm

PICO-8 gained additional attention in 2018 with the release of Celeste. Originally created as a PICO-8 game for a game jam, Celeste Classic became one of the most popular games on the PICO-8 BBS, prompting the developers to expand the concept into a more expansive, fully realized game. The original PICO-8 version of Celeste is fully playable as an easter egg in the full version of the game.{{Cite web |date=2020-04-11 |title=FEATURE: Our favourite Easter Eggs on Switch {{!}} Switch Player |url=https://switchplayer.net/2020/04/11/feature-our-favourite-easter-eggs-on-switch/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |language=en-US}}

A low poly cad software named picoCAD is based on PICO-8 and can be used to make models for use both inside and outside of PICO-8, able to export models OBJ/MTL as well as GIF as a rotating model animation.{{Cite web | title=picoCAD by Johan Peitz | url=https://johanpeitz.itch.io/picocad | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226194103/https://johanpeitz.itch.io/picocad | access-date=2025-03-27 | archive-date=2021-02-26}}{{Cite web |last=Shadows |date=2021-03-05 |title=picoCAD: "A tiny modeller for tiny models" |url=https://3dvf.com/en/picocad-a-tiny-modeller-for-tiny-models/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=3DVF |language=en-US}} Since its release, picoCAD has been used in many 3D PICO-8 games for the creation of models. The software got popularized in the general pixel art and retro game development community due to its unique retro aesthetic.{{Cite web |title=The best low-cost tools for game art |url=https://www.gamedeveloper.com/art/the-best-low-cost-tools-for-game-art |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.gamedeveloper.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Diaz |first=Ana |date=2021-06-29 |title=Star Wars podracing looks even cooler as pixel art |url=https://www.polygon.com/22554133/star-wars-pod-racing-a-3d-earthbound-game-development |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Polygon |language=en-US}}

Several remakes and demakes of well-known retro and modern games alike are made on PICO-8. Most notable ones include Terra (Terraria), Poom (Doom), Fuz (Fez), Low Mem Sky (No Man's Sky), and unDUNE II (Dune II).{{Cite web |last=Wilds |first=Anastasia |date=2022-09-01 |title=10 Best Video Game Demakes |url=https://screenrant.com/best-video-game-demakes/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=ScreenRant |language=en}}{{Cite news |author1=Jody Macgregor |date=2020-12-13 |title=Poom is a pixelated 1980s version of Doom you can play right now |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/poom-is-a-pixelated-1980s-version-of-doom-you-can-play-right-now/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |work=PC Gamer |language=en}}{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGut2edQKug |title=What if Terraria was Created in 1980... |date=2022-02-11 |last=ChippyGaming |access-date=2024-06-04 |via=YouTube}}

PICO-8 has also seen interest among the demoscene, due to its harsh restrictions attracting programmers and musicians who wish to make retro-style demos for the console.{{cite web|title=Puroresu No Seishin, a demo made with Pico-8|url=https://www.lexaloffle.com/bbs/?pid=puroresu_no_seishin-0|website=Lexaloffle|accessdate=12 March 2020}}{{cite web|title=Ad Astra|url=https://www.lexaloffle.com/bbs/?tid=4050|website=Lexaloffle|accessdate=12 March 2020}}{{cite web|title=PICOCHAK|url=https://www.lexaloffle.com/bbs/?tid=35774|website=Lexaloffle}}

In March 2024, several PICO-8 games were added as cabinets to Arcade Legend, a VR game where players can play retro arcade games.{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=Arcade Legend Indie Update Brings Pico-8 Retro Cabinets Into VR |url=https://www.uploadvr.com/arcade-legend-pico-8-vr-games/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=UploadVR |language=en}}

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• CHIP-8 - A predecessor to PICO-8 and other fantasy consoles.

{{refs}}

• {{official website|http://www.lexaloffle.com/pico-8.php}}
• [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87jfTIWosBw PICO-8 and the Search for Cosy Design Spaces]: a talk by Joseph White, PICO-8's creator
• [https://itch.io/games/tag-pico-8 Top games tagged PICO-8 on itch.io]

Category:Video game engines

Category:Fantasy video game consoles

Category:Game engines for Linux

Category:Lua (programming language)-scriptable game engines

Category:Virtual machines