Pacific Cyber/Metrix

{{Infobox company

| name = PCM Systems Corporation

| former_name = {{ubl|PCM, Inc. (1975)|Pacific Cyber/Metrix (1975–1996)}}

| logo = PCM Systems logo.svg

| logo_caption = Logo from 1996 to 2001

| type = Private

| industry = Computers

| founded = {{Start date and age|1975}}

| defunct = {{End date and age|2001}}

| fate = Dissolved

| location = {{ubl|San Ramon, California (1975–1979)|Dublin, California (1979–2001)}}

| key_people = {{ubl|Robert Nelson, president}}

| num_employees = 15

| num_employees_year = early 2000s

| website = {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970414004132/http://www.pcmsystems.com/|title=pcmsystems.com}}

}}

Pacific Cyber/Metrix, Inc. (PC/M; originally PCM, Inc., later PCM Systems) was an American computer company based in California. The company was founded in 1975 in San Ramon, California.{{sfnm|1a1=Staff writer|1y=1990|1p=187|2a1=Staff writer|2y=1979b|2p=13}}

A privately held company, PC/M was founded by Robert Nelson and several others, most of whom including Nelson came from the San Ramon facility of Edgerton, Germeshausen, and Grier, a scientific research firm. Nelson was named president and general owner. For the next several years the company developed microcomputers based around the PDP-8–compatible Intersil 6100 as well as CMOS EPROM burners. The company earned profit from the cash flow generated by their products and received no outside venture capital. PC/M moved its headquarters in late 1979 to Dublin, California,{{sfn|Staff writer|1979b|p=13}} where the company spent the remainder of its existence in a 6,000-square-foot facility.{{sfn|Staff writer|2004|p=851}} The company's workforce was relatively spartan throughout its lifespan, employing only "about 10" in 1979,{{sfn|Staff writer|1979b|p=13}} later increasing to 15 by the early 2000s.{{sfn|Staff writer|2004|p=851}}

History

=1970s=

File:PCM-12 Brochure crop.jpg

The company's first announced product was the PCM-12, a 12-bit minicomputer based on the Intersil IM6100 microprocessor, allowing it to be mostly software compatible with Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP-8/E.{{sfn|Staff writer|1976a|p=137}} The PCM-12 supported up to 32 kilowords of memory 12 bits wide,{{sfn|Staff writer|1976e|p=210}} and its 80-line bus accommodated 15 expansion cards. On release, the only expansion cards optioned were device-interfacing modules—including TTY and cassette—and memory boards; a direct memory access controller card and a hardware vectored interrupt handler card were provisional. Included with the stock PCM-12 was a 4-kiloword memory board. The minicomputer's front panel meanwhile provides virtually all of the PDP-8/E's switch-functions while also including binary bootstrap loader and decrement-address functions.{{sfn|Staff writer|1976e|p=210}} On release in early 1976, the PCM-12 was only available in kit form for between US$400 and $600, depending on options.{{sfn|Staff writer|1976a|p=137}} By mid-March that year, the price of the kit increased to $799.{{sfn|Staff writer|1976c|p=42}} The kit in minimal form required assembling the computer from five printed circuit boards (including the CPU and 4-kiloword memory boards), the cabinet, the front panel, and the power supply. The computer was later offered completely assembled and tested in May 1976, for $1224.{{sfn|Staff writer|1976e|p=210}} The PCM-12 was, by Byte magazine's estimation, the first mini- or microcomputer based on the IM6100.{{sfn|Staff writer|1976b}} According to Modern Data, the computer was also the first to have its backplane and cards built into a metal card cage.{{sfn|Staff writer|1976d}}

The PCM-12 received a facelift in the form of the PCM-12A in mid-1977. This revision "beefed-up" the original PCM-12's included literature and cabinetry, added a crystal oscillator to the CPU board to generate a timing signal for variable baud rates, an "absolute loader" that bootstraps binary from tape directly into any field of memory, and a floppy disk controller card—the latter allowing DEC's OS/8 operating system to be run on the PCM-12. The kit price remained $799,{{sfn|Staff writer|1977d|p=116}} later decreased to $679 (against the assembled version's $989).{{sfn|Staff writer|1977c|p=15}} The portfolio of expansion cards by this point included a parallel–serial I/O card and a DEC-compatible,{{sfn|Staff writer|1977a|p=20}} high-speed punched card reader–writer.{{sfnm|1a1=Staff writer|1y=1977a|1p=20|2a1=Staff writer|2y=1978d|2p=131}} PC/M backported floppy disk functionality to the original PCM-12 with the 12440,{{sfn|Staff writer|1977d|p=116}} a dual-floppy controller card introduced in November 1977. This card sold for $259 assembled and $169 as an unsoldered kit.{{sfnm|1a1=Staff writer|1y=1977b|1p=53|2a1=Staff writer|2y=1978e|2p=200}}

PC/M released myriad expansion cards in the turn of 1978, including three memory expansion cards, a power-fail module card, an improved TTY card, and a PDP-8 emulation card.{{sfnm|1a1=Staff writer|1y=1977e|1p=33|2a1=Staff writer|2y=1978b|2p=142}} The three memory cards comprised the 12020A, the PCM-12's basic 12-bit 4-kiloword n-channel RAM board; the 12160, a ROM/RAM hybrid board constituting 1.5 kilowords of UV-erasable EPROMs in high pages and 512 words of n-channel RAM in low pages; and the 12210, a 12-bit 4-kiloword non-volatile CMOS RAM board. The 12210 stored memory after power-off for up to 30 days with the aid of its included battery. All three memory cards carry 59 integrated circuits, including logic chips for bus interfacing. The 12230 power-fail module was available around the time of release of these memory cards, which when paired with the 12210 made the PCM-12 impervious to AC power failures.{{sfn|Staff writer|1978a|p=144}} The improved TTY card, named the 12060, emulated DEC's 03 and 04 device selector designations and provides I/O with both RS-232 and 20-mA current loop interfaces. The 12060 supports both teleprinters and video terminals.{{sfn|Staff writer|1978g|p=74}} PC/M co-introduced the 12060 with the 12310, a digital I/O board which provides the PCM-12 with additional instruction sets based on DEC's DR8-EA Flip-Chip module, which aided in the fields of data acquisition and process control.{{sfn|Staff writer|1978b|p=142}} Aiming to attract third-party vendors for development of custom expansion cards for the PCM-12, the company released the 12090 prototype board, a double-plated through-hole circuit board with a grid of vias to facilitate wire-wrap or solder tail connections.{{sfn|Staff writer|1978e|p=150}}

The company entered the CMOS EPROM programmer industry with the release of the Model 66 in February 1978.{{sfn|Staff writer|1978c|p=200}} Compatible only with Intersil's 6603 and 6604 EPROM chips, Model 66 can be used standalone or controlled via a computer, terminal, teletype, or IC test equipment for automated burning. Inside the Model 66 is a microprocessor and a 4-KiB RAM buffer. It offers a full suite of editing functions, including loading and monitoring the RAM buffer or the EPROM directly, with a button on the front panel allowing the user to verify quickly if the EPROM has been erased; while firmware in ROM provides dumping and verifying capabilities to external control. Operated standalone, EPROM data may be loaded by paper tape.{{sfn|Staff writer|1978c|p=200}} The Model 66 was later tweaked as the Model 660 in August 1978.{{sfnm|1a1=Staff writer|1y=1978h|1p=200|2a1=Staff writer|2y=1979a|2p=241}}

In 1979, the company opened up Bubbl-Tec, a division dedicated to development and manufacturing of devices using bubble memory modules fabricated by Texas Instruments. The opening of this division, which PC/M anticipated would generate the bulk of the company's future growth overall, necessitated the company move headquarters from San Ramon to Dublin. Originally sold only via direct sales, PC/M signed up distributors in the United States and Europe and hired in-house company salespeople to sell Bubbl-Tec's products later in 1979. The company delivered its first bubble-memory-based device in July 1979; two more were added to Bubbl-Tec's roster in September.{{sfn|Staff writer|1979b|p=13}}

=1980s=

A physically larger follow-up to the PCM-12 was introduced in early 1980. Described by Computer Business News as a mainframe, the PCM-12 Omega offered 18 expansion slots on its bus and added a hinge to its card cage, allowing it to pivot up into view of the user from the front panel and stay into place through a special mechanism. Still based on the Intersil 6100, PC/M ensured software compatibility with the PDP-8/A (the last non-microprocessor-based incarnation of the PDP-8), the VT78 DECstation, and the WS78 and WD78 word–data processing systems. The expansion slots are variably spaced to allow for both narrow cards such as memory modules and wire-wrapped prototype boards which require far more clearance. The built-in power supply provides overvoltage protection and foldback current limiting.{{sfn|Staff writer|1980a|p=26}}

Shortly after the PCM-12, PC/M released a single-board computer, the Model PPS-1201, designed to be plugged into Intel's Multibus backplane.{{sfn|Staff writer|1980b|p=10}} Based again on the Intersil 6100, the PPS-1201 supports up to 4 kilowords of socketed memory chips configurable as any amount of RAM or EPROMs. An additional kiloword of memory on the board is reserved for loading and running a "control panel" suite, comprising a debugger and a machine code monitor, from an on-board ROM. The board also possesses a memory expansion controller, a serial port compatible with RS-232 and 20-mA current loop interfaces (through the use of an on-board optocoupler), and three 12-bit-wide parallel ports.{{sfn|Staff writer|1980d|p=97}} The PPS-1201 was followed up in 1981 by the simply titled Model PPS-12, which had essentially the same board layout but added support for other PC/M-manufactured serial–parallel and bubble memory expansion modules as well as added software for terminal control and external software development equipment interfacing.{{sfn|Staff writer|1981a|p=11}} The PPS-12 was designed for field applications where only battery or solar power is available; it requires only a 5 V hookup and consumes only half a watt of power.{{sfn|Staff writer|1981b|p=196}}

PC/M's Bubbl-Tec division continued releasing memory cards until at least 1987,{{sfnm|1a1=Staff writer|1y=1981b|1p=10|2a1=Staff writer|2y=1982|2p=44|3a1=Staff writer|3y=1986a|3p=89|4a1=Staff writer|4y=1986b|4p=113}} their efforts culminating in the PCH-3 Bubbl-Board, a bubble memory expansion card for IBM PC and compatibles. The card supported up to 1.5 MB worth of bubble memory modules, which were removable and could be loaded into Bubbl-Pacs enclosures for the Bubbl-Dek{{sfn|Matzkin|1987|p=45}}—an external bubble memory module reader developed by Bubble-Tec that plugs into the disk drive bay of the PC.{{sfn|Stafford|1986|p=44}}

In 1988, the company introduced a $20,300 Unix-compatible multiprocessor computer system for Motorola's VMEbus, called Hyperflo. Each processor board carries four Motorola 68020 CPUs and two floating-point units standard. Apart from the processor boards, the package includes a resource management board, a memory controller board, and one or more flat memory boards. An optional ROM board allows software to be stored and loaded instantaneously. The system supports up to eighteen processor boards.{{sfn|Staff writer|1988|p=74}}

=1990s – 2001=

Pacific Cyber/Metrix's domain in the 1990s was largely limited to VMEbus-based digital signal processors for imaging, signal analysis, and scientific instrumentation.{{sfnm|1a1=Staff writer|1y=1991|1p=130|2a1=Staff writer|2y=1993a|2p=95|3a1=Staff writer|3y=1993b|3p=119}} In 1996, the company renamed themselves to PCM Systems.{{sfn|PCM Systems|1996}} In November 2001, the company filed its certificate of dissolution to the California government.{{sfn|OpenCorporates|n.d.}}

Citations

References

{{cite web | date=n.d. | url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ca/C0803800 | title=PCM Systems Corporation | publisher=OpenCorporates | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527052902/https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ca/C0803800 | archivedate=May 27, 2022 | ref={{sfnRef|OpenCorporates|n.d.}} }}
{{cite web | date=November 20, 1996 | url=http://www.pcmsystems.com/ | title=PCM Home Page | publisher=PCM Systems | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970414004132/http://www.pcmsystems.com/ | archivedate=April 14, 1997 | ref={{sfnRef|PCM Systems|1996}}}}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=February 16, 1976 | url=https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_ElectronicignV24N0419760216_166335055/page/137 | title=Microcomputer kit based on 12-bit µP works like PDP-8/E | journal=Electronic Design | publisher=Hayden Publishing Company | volume=24 | issue=4 | page=137 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1976a}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=March 1976 | url=https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1976-03/page/n88/ | title=The First of the 12-Bit Micros? | journal=Byte | publisher=Byte Publications | issue=7 | page=88 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1976b}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=March 15, 1976 | url=https://archive.org/details/computerworld1011unse_011/page/n43 | title=PCM 12-Bit Device Software-Compatible with DEC PDP-8 Mini | journal=Computerworld | publisher=CW Communications | volume=X | issue=11 | page=42 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1976c}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=April 1976 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdEcAQAAMAAJ&q=%22pcm-12%22+%22intersil%22+%22the+first%22 | title=Boards and Boxes | journal=Modern Data | volume=9 | issue=4 | page=22 | via=Google Books | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1976d}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=May 1976 | url=https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computerDe_137257517/page/210 | title=Kit Computer Is Software Compatible with DEC PDP-8/E | journal=Computer Design | publisher=Design Publishing Corporation | volume=15 | issue=5 | page=210 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1976e}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=May 1, 1977 | url=https://archive.org/details/CreativeComputingbetterScan197705/page/n21 | title=PCM-12A | journal=Creative Computing | volume=3 | issue=3 | page=20 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1977a}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=November 7, 1977 | url=https://archive.org/details/computerworld1145unse/page/53 | title=PCM-12 Gets Dual Floppy Disk Interface Module | journal=Computerworld | publisher=CW Communications | volume=XI | issue=45 | page=53 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1977b}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=December 1977 | url=https://archive.org/details/Kilobaud197712/page/n14 | title=PCM Micro Is PDP-8 Software Compatible | journal=Kilobaud | publisher=1001001, Inc. | volume= | issue=12 | page=15 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1977c}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=December 12, 1977 | url=https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computerDe_213466422/page/116 | title=Dual Floppy Disc Option Is Available for 12-Bit µComputer System | journal=Computer Design | publisher=Design Publishing Corporation | volume=16 | issue=12 | page=210 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1977d}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=December 26, 1977 | url=https://archive.org/details/computerworld1140unse_013/page/n48 | title=Static Memory Modules Introduced for PCM-12 | journal=Computerworld | publisher=CW Communications | volume=XII | issue=1 | page=33 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1977e}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=January 1978 | url=https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computerDe_119982400/page/142 | title=Three Static Memory Modules Are Announced for 12-Bit µComputer | journal=Computer Design | publisher=Design Publishing Corporation | volume=17 | issue=1 | page=142 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1978a}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=January 9, 1978 | url=https://archive.org/details/computerworld1211unse_01/page/n66 | title=PCM-12 Gains Two Boards: CRT Link, PDP-8 Emulator | journal=Computerworld | publisher=CW Communications | volume=XII | issue=2 | page=67 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1978b}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=February 1978 | url=https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computerDe_129120923/page/200 | title=Intelligent Programmer for CMOS Erasable ROMs | journal=Computer Design | publisher=Design Publishing Corporation | volume=17 | issue=2 | page=200 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1978c}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=March 1978 | url=https://archive.org/details/197803InterfaceAgeV03I03/page/n136 | title=PC/M Reader/Punch, Mag-Tape | journal=Interface Age | publisher=McPheters, Wolfe & Jones | volume=3 | issue=3 | page=131 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1978d}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=March 1978 | url=https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computerDe_121946873/page/150 | title=Prototyping, Extender Boards Speed Up µComputer Development | journal=Computer Design | publisher=Design Publishing Corporation | volume=17 | issue=3 | pages=150–151 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1978e}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=May 1978 | url=https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1978-05-rescan/page/n181 | title=Floppy Interface for PCM-12 Computer | journal=Byte | publisher=Byte Publications | volume=3 | issue=5 | page=180 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1978f}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=May 1978 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_computers-and-programming_may-june-1978_18_3/page/74 | title=Parallel-I/O Interface Modules | journal=Elementary Electronics | publisher=Davis Publications | volume=18 | issue=3 | page=74 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1978g}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=August 1978 | url=https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computerDe_120941775/page/200 | title=Intelligent Programmer for UV Erasable CMOS P/ROMs | journal=Computer Design | publisher=Design Publishing Corporation | volume=17 | issue=8 | page=200 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1978h}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=March 1979 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_byte_1979-03_4_3/page/n246 | title=Intelligent Programmer for Intersil Ultraviolet Memory Chips | journal=Byte | publisher=Byte Publications | volume=4 | issue=3 | page=241 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1979a}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=September 24, 1979 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_micro-marketworld_1979-09-24_2_39/page/13 | title=Bubbl-Tec's Add-Ins Put Firm into Close Fraternity | work=Computer Business News | publisher=CW Communications | volume=2 | issue=39 | page=13 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1979b}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=March 3, 1980 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_micro-marketworld_1980-03-03_3_9/page/n27 | title=Omega Is Compatible with PDP-8s | journal=Computer Business News | publisher=CW Communications | volume=3 | issue=9 | page=26 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1980a}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=April 28, 1980 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_micro-marketworld_1980-04-28_3_17/page/n11 | title=An all-CMOS single-board computer | journal=Computer Business News | publisher=CW Communications | volume=3 | issue=17 | page=10 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1980b}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=June 1980 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_circuits-manufacturing_1980-06_20_6/page/n98 | title=All CMOS Single Board Microcomputer | journal=Circuits Manufacturing | publisher=Benwill Publishing Corporation | volume=20 | issue=6 | page=97 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1980d}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=February 2, 1981 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_micro-marketworld_1981-02-02_4_5/page/n12 | title=6100 Software Developed on Low-End DEC Gear | journal=Computer Business News | publisher=CW Communications | volume=4 | issue=5 | page=11 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1981a}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=March 9, 1981 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_micro-marketworld_1981-03-09_4_10/page/n11 | title=PC/M Unveils Micro System, S-100 Bubble Memory Boards | journal=Computer Business News | publisher=CW Communications | volume=4 | issue=10 | page=10 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1981b}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=April 1981 | url=https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_computerDe_194994864/page/196 | title=CMOS Microcomputer Operates on 5 V, Requires 0.5-W Power | journal=Computer Design | publisher=Design Publishing Corporation | volume=20 | issue=4 | page=196 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1981c}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=April 26, 1982 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=azAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44 | title=New peripherals | journal=InfoWorld | publisher=CW Communications | volume=4 | issue=16 | page=44 | via=Google Books}}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=January 27, 1986 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=33QfOHT69aMC&pg=PA89 | title=New Products/Systems & Peripherals | journal=Computerworld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=XX | issue=4 | pages=86, 89–90 | via=Google Books | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1986a}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=November 17, 1986 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5AitLq0kikC&pg=PA113 | title=New Products/Systems & Peripherals | journal=Computerworld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=XX | issue=46 | pages=113–114, 117 | via=Google Books | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1986b}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Stafford | first=Paul M. | date=October 28, 1986 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MK_-L8Mr1u4C&pg=PA44 | title=Solid-State Bubble Memory Cards Introduced by Intel, Bubbl-Tec | journal=PC Magazine | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=5 | issue=18 | page=44 | via=Google Books}}
{{cite journal | last=Matzkin | first=Jonathan | date=March 31, 1987 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Bg1jlRSiQMC&pg=PA45 | title=Bubble-Memory Board Protects Data in the Face of Adverse Conditions | journal=PC Magazine | publisher=Ziff-Davis | volume=6 | issue=6 | page=45 | via=Google Books}}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=February 15, 1988 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1988-02-15_22_7/page/n75 | title=New Products: Processors | journal=Computerworld | publisher=IDG Publications | volume=XXII | issue=7 | page=74 | via=the Internet Archive }}
{{cite book | last=Staff writer | date=1990 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j54rAQAAIAAJ&q=%22pacific%20cyber%20metrix%22 | title=Rich's High-tech Business Guide to Southern California | publisher=Rich's Business Directory | page=187 | via=Google Books}}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=September 1991 | url=https://archive.org/details/computer-magazine-1991-09/page/n133 | title=Microsystem Announcements | journal=Computer | publisher=IEEE Computer Society | volume=24 | issue=9 | page=130 | via=the Internet Archive }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=March 1993 | url=https://archive.org/details/NASA_NTRS_Archive_20100029874/page/n118 | title=New on the Market | journal=NASA Tech Briefs | publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration | volume=17 | issue=3 | page=119 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1993a}} }}
{{cite journal | last=Staff writer | date=April 1993 | url=https://archive.org/details/ieee_micro_v13n2_apr_93/page/n300 | title=Multi-DSP board for VMEbus | journal=Micro | publisher=IEEE Computer Society | volume=13 | issue=2 | page=95 | via=the Internet Archive | ref={{sfnRef|Staff writer|1993b}} }}
{{cite book | last=Staff writer | date=2004 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-4dAQAAMAAJ&q=%22pcm%22 | title=California Manufacturers Register | publisher=Times Mirror Press | page=851 | isbn=9781556001956 | via=Google Books}}