Pacific Ocean theater of World War II
{{Short description|Major area of military events, 1942–1945}}
{{Hatnote|For naval operations in the Southwest Pacific area, including the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands, and New Guinea, see South West Pacific theatre. For the overall military theater in Asia and the Pacific, see Pacific War. For other uses, see Pacific Theatre}}
{{Campaignbox World War II}}
File:Guadalcanal-wounded1942.jpg on November 1, 1942]]
File:SBD VB-16 over USS Washington 1943.jpg flies patrol over USS Washington and USS Lexington during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign, November 12, 1943]]
File:USS Bunker Hill hit by two Kamikazes.jpg hit by two Kamikazes in thirty seconds on 11 May 1945 off Kyushu]]
The Pacific Ocean theater of World War II was a major theater of the Pacific War, the war between the Allies and the Empire of Japan. It included the U.S. Pacific Ocean Areas (command). which included most of the Pacific Ocean and its islands.
The Philippines, the Dutch East Indies, Borneo, Australia, most of the Territory of New Guinea, and the western part of the Solomon Islands were under a different Allied command.
History
On March 30, 1942, US Admiral Chester Nimitz was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas. In the other major theater in the Pacific region, known as the South West Pacific theater, Allied forces were commanded by US General Douglas MacArthur. Both Nimitz and MacArthur were overseen by the US Joint Chiefs, and indirectly by the British-American Combined Chiefs of Staff.
Most Japanese forces in the theater were part of the {{nihongo |Combined Fleet|連合艦隊|Rengō Kantai}} of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), which was responsible for all Japanese warships, naval aircraft, and marine infantry units. The Rengō Kantai was led by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, until he was killed in an attack by U.S. fighter planes in April 1943.{{Sfn | Potter | Nimitz | 1960 | p = 717}} Yamamoto was succeeded by Admiral Mineichi Koga (1943–44){{Sfn | Potter | Nimitz | 1960 | p = 717}} and Admiral Soemu Toyoda (1944–45).{{Sfn | Potter | Nimitz | 1960 | pp = 759–60}} The {{nihongo|General Staff |参謀本部|Sanbō Honbu}} of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) was responsible for Imperial Japanese Army ground and air units in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific. The IJN and IJA did not formally use joint/combined staff at the operational level, and their command structures/geographical areas of operations overlapped with each other and those of the Allies.
In the Pacific Ocean theater, Japanese forces fought primarily against the United States Navy, the U.S. Army, which had 6 Corps and 21 Divisions, and the U.S. Marine Corps, which had only 6 Divisions. The United Kingdom (British Pacific Fleet), New Zealand, Australia, Canada, and other Allied nations, also contributed forces.
Major campaigns and battles
- Pacific theater
- Attack on Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941{{Sfn | Silverstone | 1968 | pp = 9–11}}
- Battle of Wake Island 7–23 December 1941{{Sfn | Potter | Nimitz | 1960 | pp = 651–62}}
- Philippines campaign 8 December 1941 – 8 May 1942
- Battle of Bataan
- Battle of Corregidor
- Battle of Ambon
- Battle of Timor
- Battle of Rabaul
- Battle of the Java Sea
- Bombing of Darwin
- Battle of the Coral Sea 4–8 May 1942
- Doolittle Raid 18 April 1942{{Sfn | Silverstone | 1968 | pp = 9–11}}
- Battle of Midway 4–7 June 1942{{Sfn | Silverstone | 1968 | pp = 9–11}}
- Guadalcanal campaign 7 August 1942 to 9 February 1943
- Battle of Savo Island
- Battle of Cape Esperance
- Second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
- Battle of Tassafaronga
- New Guinea campaign
- Solomon Islands Campaign
- Battle of the Bismark Sea
- Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 1943–44
- Makin Island raid 17–18 August 1942{{Sfn | Kafka | Pepperburg | 1946 | p = 185}}
- Battle of Tarawa 20 November 1943{{Sfn | Silverstone | 1968 | pp = 9–11}}
- Battle of Makin 20–23 November 1943
- Battle of Kwajalein 14 February 1944{{Sfn | Potter | Nimitz | 1960 | p = 751}}
- Battle of Eniwetok 17 February 1944{{Sfn | Ofstie | 1946 | p = 194}}
- Attack on Truk Island 17–18 February 1944
- Mariana and Palau Islands campaign 1944
- Battle of Saipan 15 June 1944{{Sfn | Potter | Nimitz | 1960 | p = 761}}
- Battle of the Philippine Sea 19–21 June 1944{{Sfn | Potter | Nimitz | 1960 | p = 765}}
- Battle of Guam 21 July 1944{{Sfn | Potter | Nimitz | 1960 | p = 770}}
- Battle of Tinian 24 July 1944{{Sfn | Potter | Nimitz | 1960 | p = 770}}
- Battle of Peleliu 15 September 1944{{Sfn | Ofstie | 1946 | p = 275}}
- Battle of Angaur 17 September 1944{{Sfn | Ofstie | 1946 | p = 275}}
- Battle of Leyte 17 October 1944
- Battle of Luzon 9 January 1945
- Battle of Iwo Jima 19 February 1945{{Sfn | Silverstone | 1968 | pp = 9–11}}
- Battle of Okinawa 1 April 1945{{Sfn | Silverstone | 1968 | pp = 9–11}}
- North Pacific theater
- Aleutian Islands Campaign 1942–43
- Battle of the Komandorski Islands 26 March 1943{{Sfn | Silverstone | 1968 | pp = 9–11}}
{{Location map many
| Oceania
| width = 600
| float = center
| border = #AAC6D5
| caption =
| alt = Location map of major campaigns and battles in Pacific Ocean theater of World War II
| relief = yes
| AlternativeMap =
|
| label1 = Pearl Harbor-1941J
| label1_size = 80
| position1 = top
| background1 =
| mark1 = Blue pog.svg
| mark1size = 5
| link1 = Battle of Pearl Harbor
| lat1_deg = 21
| lat1_min = 21
| lat1_sec = 54
| lat1_dir = N
| lon1_deg = 157
| lon1_min = 57
| lon1_sec =
| lon1_dir = W
|
| label2 = Wake Island-1941J
| label2_size = 80
| position2 = top
| background2 =
| mark2 = Blue pog.svg
| mark2size = 5
| link2 = Battle of Wake Island
| lat2_deg = 19
| lat2_min = 17
| lat2_sec = 24
| lat2_dir = N
| lon2_deg = 166
| lon2_min = 36
| lon2_sec = 4
| lon2_dir = E
|
| label3 = Bataan-1942J
| label3_size = 80
| position3 = right
| background3 =
| mark3 = Blue pog.svg
| mark3size = 5
| link3 = Battle of Bataan
| lat3_deg = 14
| lat3_min = 41
| lat3_sec =
| lat3_dir = N
| lon3_deg = 120
| lon3_min = 27
| lon3_sec =
| lon3_dir = E
|
| label4 = Corregidor-1942J
| label4_size = 60
| position4 = bottom
| background4 =
| mark4 = Blue pog.svg
| mark4size = 5
| link4 = Battle of Corregidor
| lat4_deg = 14
| lat4_min = 40
| lat4_sec = 0
| lat4_dir = N
| lon4_deg = 120
| lon4_min = 25
| lon4_sec = 1
| lon4_dir = E
|
| label5 = Ambon-1942J
| label5_size = 80
| position5 = top
| background5 =
| mark5 = Blue pog.svg
| mark5size = 5
| link5 = Battle of Ambon
| lat5_deg = 3
| lat5_min = 38
| lat5_sec = 17
| lat5_dir = S
| lon5_deg = 128
| lon5_min = 7
| lon5_sec = 2
| lon5_dir = E
|
| label6 = Rabaul-1942J
| label6_size = 80
| position6 = top
| background6 =
| mark6 = Blue pog.svg
| mark6size = 5
| link6 = Battle of Rabaul (1942)
| lat6_deg = 4
| lat6_min = 11
| lat6_sec = 53
| lat6_dir = S
| lon6_deg = 152
| lon6_min = 10
| lon6_sec = 5
| lon6_dir = E
|
| label7 = Java Sea-1942J
| label7_size = 80
| position7 = right
| background7 =
| mark7 = Blue pog.svg
| mark7size = 5
| link7 = Battle of the Java Sea
| lat7_deg = 5
| lat7_min = 0
| lat7_sec = 0
| lat7_dir = S
| lon7_deg = 111
| lon7_min = 0
| lon7_sec = 0
| lon7_dir = E
|
| label8 = Coral Sea-1942
| label8_size = 80
| position8 = bottom
| background8 =
| mark8 = Blue pog.svg
| mark8size = 5
| link8 = Battle of Coral Sea
| lat8_deg = 18
| lat8_min =
| lat8_sec =
| lat8_dir = S
| lon8_deg = 158
| lon8_min =
| lon8_sec =
| lon8_dir = E
|
| label9 = Battle of Darwin-1942J
| label9_size = 80
| position9 = bottom
| background9 =
| mark9 = Blue pog.svg
| mark9size = 5
| link9 = Bombing of Darwin
| lat9_deg = 12
| lat9_min = 28
| lat9_sec = 30
| lat9_dir = S
| lon9_deg = 130
| lon9_min = 51
| lon9_sec =
| lon9_dir = E
|
| label10 = Savo-1942J
| label10_size = 80
| position10 = top
| background10 =
| mark10 = Blue pog.svg
| mark10size = 5
| link10 = Battle of Savo Island
| lat10_deg = 9
| lat10_min = 8
| lat10_sec =
| lat10_dir = S
| lon10_deg = 159
| lon10_min = 49
| lon10_sec =
| lon10_dir = E
|
| label11 = Guadalcanal-1942A
| label11_size = 80
| position11 = right
| background11 =
| mark11 = Blue pog.svg
| mark11size = 5
| link11 = Guadalcanal campaign
| lat11_deg = 9
| lat11_min = 26
| lat11_sec = 44
| lat11_dir = S
| lon11_deg = 160
| lon11_min = 1
| lon11_sec = 13
| lon11_dir = E
|
| label12 = Midway-1942A
| label12_size = 80
| position12 = top
| background12 =
| mark12 = Blue pog.svg
| mark12size = 5
| link12 = Battle of Midway
| lat12_deg = 30
| lat12_min = 0
| lat12_sec =
| lat12_dir = N
| lon12_deg = 178
| lon12_min = 0
| lon12_sec =
| lon12_dir = W
|
| label13 = Solomons-1942-1945/A
| label13_size = 80
| position13 = bottom
| background13 =
| mark13 = Blue pog.svg
| mark13size = 5
| link13 = Solomon Islands campaign
| lat13_deg = 9
| lat13_min = 26
| lat13_sec = 6
| lat13_dir = S
| lon13_deg = 159
| lon13_min = 57
| lon13_sec = 4
| lon13_dir = E
|
| label14 = Bismarck Sea-1943A
| label14_size = 80
| position14 = bottom
| background14 =
| mark14 = Blue pog.svg
| mark14size = 5
| link14 = Battle of the Bismarck Sea
| lat14_deg = 7
| lat14_min = 15
| lat14_sec =
| lat14_dir = S
| lon14_deg = 148
| lon14_min = 15
| lon14_sec =
| lon14_dir = E
|
| label15 = Makin-1943A
| label15_size = 80
| position15 = right
| background15 =
| mark15 = Blue pog.svg
| mark15size = 5
| link15 = Battle of Makin
| lat15_deg = 3
| lat15_min = 4
| lat15_sec = 12
| lat15_dir = N
| lon15_deg = 172
| lon15_min = 47
| lon15_sec = 20
| lon15_dir = E
|
| label16 = Eniwetok-1944A
| label16_size = 80
| position16 = right
| background16 =
| mark16 = Blue pog.svg
| mark16size = 5
| link16 = Battle of Eniwetok
| lat16_deg = 11
| lat16_min = 27
| lat16_sec = 54
| lat16_dir = N
| lon16_deg = 162
| lon16_min = 11
| lon16_sec = 20
| lon16_dir = E
|
| label17 = Kwajalein-1944A
| label17_size = 80
| position17 = right
| background17 =
| mark17 = Blue pog.svg
| mark17size = 5
| link17 = Battle of Kwajalein
| lat17_deg = 8
| lat17_min = 43
| lat17_sec =
| lat17_dir = N
| lon17_deg = 167
| lon17_min = 44
| lon17_sec =
| lon17_dir = E
|
| label18 = Tarawa-1943A
| label18_size = 80
| position18 = bottom
| background18 =
| mark18 = Blue pog.svg
| mark18size = 5
| link18 = Battle of Tarawa
| lat18_deg = 1
| lat18_min = 25
| lat18_sec = 37
| lat18_dir = N
| lon18_deg = 172
| lon18_min = 58
| lon18_sec = 32
| lon18_dir = E
|
| label19 = Truk-1944A
| label19_size = 80
| position19 = right
| background19 =
| mark19 = Blue pog.svg
| mark19size = 5
| link19 = Operation Hailstone
| lat19_deg = 7
| lat19_min = 20
| lat19_sec = 21
| lat19_dir = N
| lon19_deg = 151
| lon19_min = 53
| lon19_sec = 5
| lon19_dir = E
|
| label20 = Saipan-1944A
| label20_size = 80
| position20 = top
| background20 =
| mark20 = Blue pog.svg
| mark20size = 5
| link20 = Battle of Saipan
| lat20_deg = 15
| lat20_min = 11
| lat20_sec =
| lat20_dir = N
| lon20_deg = 145
| lon20_min = 45
| lon20_sec =
| lon20_dir = E
|
| label21 = Philippine Sea-1944A
| label21_size = 80
| position21 = top
| background21 =
| mark21 = Blue pog.svg
| mark21size = 5
| link21 = Battle of the Philippine Sea
| lat21_deg = 20
| lat21_min =
| lat21_sec =
| lat21_dir = N
| lon21_deg = 130
| lon21_min =
| lon21_sec =
| lon21_dir = E
|
| label22 = Guam-1944A
| label22_size = 80
| position22 = bottom
| background22 =
| mark22 = Blue pog.svg
| mark22size = 5
| link22 = Battle of Guam (1944)
| lat22_deg = 13
| lat22_min = 24
| lat22_sec = 10
| lat22_dir = N
| lon22_deg = 144
| lon22_min = 39
| lon22_sec = 47
| lon22_dir = E
|
| label23 = Tinian-1944A
| label23_size = 80
| position23 = right
| background23 =
| mark23 = Blue pog.svg
| mark23size = 5
| link23 = Battle of Tinian
| lat23_deg = 15
| lat23_min =
| lat23_sec =
| lat23_dir = N
| lon23_deg = 145
| lon23_min = 38
| lon23_sec =
| lon23_dir = E
|
| label24 = Peleliu-1944A
| label24_size = 80
| position24 = top
| background24 =
| mark24 = Blue pog.svg
| mark24size = 5
| link24 = Battle of Peleliu
| lat24_deg = 7
| lat24_min =
| lat24_sec =
| lat24_dir = N
| lon24_deg = 134
| lon24_min = 15
| lon24_sec =
| lon24_dir = E
|
| label25 = Anguar-1944A
| label25_size = 80
| position25 = bottom
| background25 =
| mark25 = Blue pog.svg
| mark25size = 5
| link25 = Battle of Angaur
| lat25_deg = 6
| lat25_min = 54
| lat25_sec =
| lat25_dir = N
| lon25_deg = 134
| lon25_min = 6
| lon25_sec =
| lon25_dir = E
|
| label26 = Leyte-1944A
| label26_size = 80
| position26 = bottom
| background26 =
| mark26 = Blue pog.svg
| mark26size = 5
| link26 = Battle of Leyte
| lat26_deg = 11
| lat26_min = 10
| lat26_sec = 20
| lat26_dir = N
| lon26_deg = 125
| lon26_min = 0
| lon26_sec = 44
| lon26_dir = E
|
| label27 = Timor-1942J
| label27_size = 80
| position27 = bottom
| background27 =
| mark27 = Blue pog.svg
| mark27size = 5
| link27 = Battle of Timor
| lat27_deg = 9
| lat27_min = 14
| lat27_sec =
| lat27_dir = S
| lon27_deg = 124
| lon27_min = 56
| lon27_sec =
| lon27_dir = E
|
| label28 = Luzon-1945A
| label28_size = 80
| position28 = top
| background28 =
| mark28 = Blue pog.svg
| mark28size = 5
| link28 = Battle of Luzon
| lat28_deg = 16
| lat28_min =
| lat28_sec =
| lat28_dir = N
| lon28_deg = 121
| lon28_min =
| lon28_sec =
| lon28_dir = E
|
| label29 = Iwo Jima-1945A
| label29_size = 80
| position29 = right
| background29 =
| mark29 = Blue pog.svg
| mark29size = 5
| link29 = Flores
| lat29_deg = 24
| lat29_min = 46
| lat29_sec = 48
| lat29_dir = N
| lon29_deg = 141
| lon29_min = 19
| lon29_sec = 12
| lon29_dir = E
|
| label30 = Okinawa-1945A
| label30_size = 80
| position30 = left
| background30 =
| mark30 = Blue pog.svg
| mark30size = 5
| link30 = Battle of Okinawa
| lat30_deg = 26
| lat30_min = 30
| lat30_sec =
| lat30_dir = N
| lon30_deg = 128
| lon30_min =
| lon30_sec =
| lon30_dir = E
|
| label31 = Hiroshima
| label31_size = 80
| position31 = right
| background31 =
| mark31 = Blue pog.svg
| mark31size = 5
| link31 = Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
| lat31_deg = 34
| lat31_min = 23
| lat31_sec = 29
| lat31_dir = N
| lon31_deg = 132
| lon31_min = 27
| lon31_sec = 7
| lon31_dir = E
|
| label32 = Nagasaki
| label32_size = 80
| position32 = left
| background32 =
| mark32 = Blue pog.svg
| mark32size = 5
| link32 = Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
| lat32_deg = 32
| lat32_min = 46
| lat32_sec = 25
| lat32_dir = N
| lon32_deg = 129
| lon32_min = 51
| lon32_sec = 48
| lon32_dir = E
|
| label35 = New Guinea 1942–1945A
| label35_size = 80
| position35 = left
| background35 =
| mark35 = Blue pog.svg
| mark35size = 5
| link35 = New Guinea campaign
| lat35_deg = 6
| lat35_min =
| lat35_sec =
| lat35_dir = S
| lon35_deg = 142
| lon35_min =
| lon35_sec =
| lon35_dir = E
}}
References
{{Reflist|2}}
Bibliography
- {{citation | last = Cressman | first = Robert J. | year = 2000 | title = The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location = Annapolis, MD | isbn = 1-55750-149-1 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/TheOfficialChronologyOfTheUSNavyInWorldWarII}}.
- {{citation | last = Drea | first = Edward J. | year = 1998 | title = In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army | publisher = University of Nebraska Press | location = NB | isbn = 0-8032-1708-0}}.
- {{citation | last = Hakim | first = Joy | title = A History of Us: War, Peace and All That Jazz | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 1995 | location = New York | isbn = 0-19-509514-6}}.
- {{citation | last1 = Kafka | first1 = Roger | last2=Pepperburg | first2 = Roy L. | year = 1946 | title = Warships of the World | publisher = Cornell Maritime Press | location = New York}}.
- {{citation | last = Miller | first = Edward S. | year = 2007 | title = War Plan Orange: The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897–1945 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press | isbn = 978-1-59114-500-4}}.
- {{cite book | last = Ofstie | first = Ralph A. | year = 1946 | title = The Campaigns of the Pacific War | publisher = United States Government Printing Office | location = Washington, DC}}.
- {{citation | last1 = Potter | first1 = E. B. |author2-link = Chester W. Nimitz | first2 = Chester W. | last2 = Nimitz | year = 1960 | title = Sea Power | url = https://archive.org/details/seapowernavalhis0000pott | url-access = registration | publisher = Prentice-Hal}}.
- {{citation | last = Silverstone | first = Paul H. | year = 1968 | title = U.S. Warships of World War II | publisher = Doubleday & Co}}.
- {{cite book |last=Toll |first=Ian W. |author-link=Ian W. Toll |title=Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942 |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton |date=2011}}
- {{cite book |last=Toll |first=Ian W. |author-mask=3 |title=The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944 |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton |date=2015}}
- {{cite book |last=Toll |first=Ian W. |author-mask=3 |title=Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945 |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton |date=2020}}
{{World War II}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Theaters of World War II